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Blood Pressure.The heart produces a characteristic "lub-dub" sound, which results from the rapid contraction and relaxation of its chambers. Each contraction, known as ventricular contraction, ejects approximately 70 mL of blood into the vascular system, which varies in volume and pressure. Blood pressure specifically refers to the pressure within the arterial system, commonly measured at the brachial artery in the arm, as pressure levels can differ at various points along the circulatory pathway. Essentially, blood pressure is the force exerted by blood in all directions within a specific area, driving the flow of blood from the heart, throughout the body, and back again. It is typically expressed as a ratio of systolic pressure over diastolic pressure. Systolic pressure, or the "high peak" pressure, occurs when the ventricles contract and push blood into the arteries, while diastolic pressure, or the "low peak" pressure, is the pressure in the arteries just before the next contraction. An increase in blood pressure may arise if arterial walls lose some elasticity due to aging or disease.
Which of the following statements is not supported by the passage?
- A. Ventricular contracting injects roughly 70 mL of blood into the vascular system.
- B. Blood pressure is typically measured in the brachial artery of the arm.
- C. Blood pressure is usually represented as a ratio of systolic pressure to diastolic pressure.
- D. Loss of arterial wall elasticity is always caused by disease.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. The passage states that an increase in blood pressure can occur if the arterial walls lose some of their elasticity due to age or disease, not necessarily always by disease. Therefore, the statement that loss of arterial wall elasticity is always caused by disease is not supported by the passage. Choices A, B, and C are all facts supported by the information provided in the passage.
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Health Care's Numbers Game: The game of health care is a risky one. Today emergency rooms are acting as primary care physicians for thousands of patients. This trend produces a vicious cycle of hospitals raising emergency room costs and passing that increase along to paying patients, who in turn pass it along to insurance companies, who in turn raise rates so even more people cannot afford the premium or the co-payment.
For years, indigent people have used emergency rooms for very minor illnesses rather than seeing an outside doctor, but now emergency rooms are seeing people with insurance, but who cannot afford the co-payment or the deductible for the office visit.
If we don't change the way the healthcare game is played, we're all going to lose.
According to the passage, why are insurance companies raising insurance rates?
- A. Hospitals are mismanaged and therefore are overspending their budgets.
- B. They need to make more money to stay competitive.
- C. Hospitals are passing down the costs of giving care to people without insurance.
- D. Doctors are demanding higher salaries.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hospitals are passing down the costs of giving care to people without insurance. The passage clearly states that hospitals are raising emergency room costs due to acting as primary care physicians for thousands of patients, including those without insurance. This increase in costs is then passed along to paying patients, who further pass it on to insurance companies. This leads insurance companies to raise rates to compensate for the increased costs incurred due to providing care to individuals without insurance.
Incorrect choices:
A: Hospitals being mismanaged does not directly relate to insurance companies raising rates.
B: Insurance companies raising rates is not solely to make more money to stay competitive.
D: There is no mention of doctors demanding higher salaries as a reason for insurance companies raising rates.
ELECTORAL COLLEGE
The Electoral College has nothing to do with college and contains no students. The Electoral College consists of votes that each state acquires based on the number of representatives it has in Congress. Each state has two electoral votes because each state has two senators. The remaining electoral votes are determined by the number of Congressmen, the number of which is based on the population of the state established by the Census taken each decade. During the presidential election, most states cast all their electoral votes for the candidate who wins the popular vote in that state. It's all very confusing, but the founding fathers know what they were doing. Downloaded by Abdul Hamid (a.ahamid2181@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|10672023 HESI A2 V2 Grammar, Vocab, Reading, & Math Questions with Answers). By having and using the Electoral College candidates' campaign in every state, but just because they win the popular vote across the country doesn't mean they will always win the election. Case in point, in election 2000, Al Gore won the popular vote across the country, but George W. Bush won more electoral votes. Therefore, he became our 43rd president.
What does 'cast' mean?
- A. To throw away
- B. To give one's vote
- C. To create a mold
- D. To choose a role
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'To give one's vote.' In the context of the Electoral College and elections, 'cast' refers to the action of officially giving or allocating one's vote for a candidate. This term is commonly used when describing the process of voters selecting their preferred candidate during an election. It is important for voters to understand the meaning of 'cast' to effectively participate in the electoral process and make informed decisions.
Nurseries
If you thought nurseries were just for babies, well, think again! Being special kinds of farms, nurseries are used to raise plants in mass quantities. Plants, trees, and shrubs are typically grown in nurseries and then sold to farmers and gardeners to plant in homes, businesses and farms. Most nurseries are found in the more rural parts the country because much land is required to have a viable nursery. If a nursery sells plants to others, it must obtain a special permit from the local city or county, which keeps the competition fair and does not saturate the market with a large number of nurseries selling similar products.
Also on the grounds of nurseries are greenhouses which are made of glass or plastic panes that protect the plants from weather elements that may harm them and cause them not to grow and develop. The glass panels in greenhouses allow for sunlight to enter and moisture to be trapped inside. This creates a tropical environment which allows orchids and poinsettias to grow. It ensures that vegetables and fruits will grow large, which makes them valuable to farmers.
The author implied that:
- A. Nurseries are helpful for farmers.
- B. Nurseries are a waste of resources.
- C. Nurseries are only useful for large-scale commercial operations.
- D. Nurseries are unnecessary and rarely used.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Nurseries are helpful for farmers.' The passage discusses nurseries being special farms used to raise plants in mass quantities, which are then sold to farmers and gardeners for planting in various settings. The author highlights the importance of nurseries in providing plants, trees, and shrubs to farmers, businesses, and individuals, indicating that nurseries play a crucial role in supporting agriculture and horticulture. This is further reinforced by the mention of greenhouses within nurseries that help protect plants and create optimal growing conditions, ensuring the success of various crops. Therefore, the implication is that nurseries are beneficial and essential for farmers and those involved in planting and cultivation.
Glass
I wonder who first discovered glass. This commodity has been a part of civilization from the very beginning. Imagine a world without glass! How dark and dismal it would be. No windows, corrective lenses, telescopes, microscopes, cameras, sparkly drinking containers or mirrors. Life would not be the same without this wonderful discovery. Thank you, whoever found glass!
Glass is not an element, but a combination of several elements. It is a hard, brittle, transparent solid material composed mainly of silica, with additives to change the character of the glass. Common additives are soda, lime, lead, and boron. Each additive changes the properties of the final product. Soda and lime are the most common additives, accounting for about 90% of glass production. Adding lead increases reflectivity, causing the glass to "sparkle." The addition of boron changes the thermal and electrical properties of glass, allowing cookware that can be used in the oven without shattering.
What statement is implied by the article?
- A. Glass is an essential part of our lives.
- B. Glass is rarely used in everyday items.
- C. Glass production is harmful to the environment.
- D. Glass technology is outdated and ineffective.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Glass is an essential part of our lives.' The article highlights the significance of glass in various aspects of human life, such as windows, corrective lenses, telescopes, microscopes, cameras, drinking containers, and mirrors. It emphasizes how life would be different and lacking without the presence of glass. Furthermore, the text expresses gratitude for the discovery of glass, indicating its essential role and impact on civilization. Hence, the implication throughout the article is that glass is indeed an indispensable and fundamental component of our daily existence.
Centuries ago, in the country of Siam, now known as Thailand, it was the custom of the rulers that displeased them by giving the offender a white elephant. Because the animal was could not be made to work as other elephants did, but still had to be fed hundreds of pounds of fruit and cared for in the most lavish style. The recipient could not give the elephant to anyone else, as it was the ruler, who would be greatly displeased should the recipient not receive the gift graciously or care for in a grand style. This monetary burden could be a major liability to the recipient and in many cases they became impoverished. This is the origin of the term "white elephant" as it is used today to denote an unwanted gift. The way of gift exchange played during the holiday season is an offshoot of this. In this game, everyone brings, and the gifts are exchanged by drawing numbers and picking a gift in turn. The second person can choose or steal the first one. It is all in good fun, and people enjoy giving silly gifts and "stealing" someone else.
What is the meaning of the word 'impoverished' in the first paragraph?
- A. Honored
- B. Nobility
- C. Rich
- D. Financially ruined
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The term 'impoverished' means being financially ruined or extremely poor. In the context provided, it describes the situation where the individuals who received a white elephant as a displeasure gift from the rulers ended up in a state of financial hardship due to the burden of caring for the elephant. The other choices ('honored', 'nobility', 'rich') do not accurately reflect the meaning of 'impoverished' in this context, making 'Financially ruined' the correct answer.