Nokea
Which of the following statements is(are) thought to accurately describe the gate control theory?
- A. Transmission of pain impulses to the central nervous system is controlled by a gate that is opened and closed by sensory stimulus.
- B. Stimulation of the broad nerve fibers by heat, cold, massage, and exercise is thought to open the gate, allowing pain impulses to be transmitted.
- C. Stimulation of the smaller, narrow nerve fibers by injury and damage to the tissues is thought to open the gate, allowing pain impulses to be transmitted.
- D. It is thought that the thalamus can open the gate when stress and anxiety increase and close the gate when stress and anxiety decrease.
Correct Answer: A,C
Rationale: The gate control theory posits that pain transmission is modulated by a 'gate' in the spinal cord. Stimulation of smaller nerve fibers (e.g., by injury) opens the gate, allowing pain signals to pass (C). Sensory stimuli like massage close the gate, blocking pain (A is correct, but B is incorrect as broad nerve fiber stimulation closes, not opens, the gate). The thalamus is not directly involved in gate control (D is incorrect).
You may also like to solve these questions
An individual's thoughts and emotions are also believed to affect the opening and closing of the gate by stimulating production of
- A. Prostaglandins
- B. Endorphins
- C. Substance P
- D. Opioids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Endorphins, produced in response to positive thoughts and emotions, can close the pain gate, reducing pain perception, per the gate control theory.
The differences between CPAP and BiPAP is that CPAP can be
- A. Set for a single pressure
- B. Set to the timing of how the patient breathes
- C. Set for multiple pressure
- D. Set to a rate of 12 breaths per minute
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: CPAP delivers a single, continuous pressure, while BiPAP provides two pressure levels (inhalation and exhalation), making A the correct distinction.
Fill in the blank. The process by which drugs may be administered, within preset boundaries, by the patient, who controls the frequency and administration of his or her pain medication, is called
- A. patient-controlled analgesia
- B. intravenous analgesia
- C. oral analgesia
- D. topical analgesia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) allows patients to self-administer pain medication within safe, preset limits, giving them control over frequency and dosage.
Acetaminophen is a common over-the-counter medication used by most individuals. What is the maximum dose limit for an adult?
- A. Four 250-milligram tablets per 24 hours
- B. Two 500-milligram tablets every 4 hours
- C. 1,000 milligrams every 3 to 4 hours, for a maximum of 8,000 milligrams per 24 hours
- D. 4,000 milligrams per 24 hours
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The maximum adult dose of acetaminophen is 4,000 mg per 24 hours to avoid liver toxicity.
Fill in the blank. The term for chronic inability to fall asleep or stay asleep is
- A. insomnia
- B. narcolepsy
- C. sleep apnea
- D. bruxism
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Insomnia refers to the chronic difficulty in falling or staying asleep, leading to poor sleep quality.