Which of the following structures forms a cavity or pocket between the layers of mesenteries?
- A. visceral pleura
- B. parietal pleura
- C. omental bursa
- D. retroperitoneum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: omental bursa. The omental bursa is a potential space located behind the stomach and in front of the pancreas, forming a cavity or pocket between the layers of mesenteries. This structure allows for movement and accommodation of the stomach during digestion.
A: Visceral pleura and B: Parietal pleura are layers of the pleural membrane in the thoracic cavity, not related to mesenteries or cavity formation. D: Retroperitoneum refers to the space behind the peritoneum, not specifically forming a cavity or pocket between mesenteries.
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A 55-year-old female client comes to the clinic for a physical examination. Which of the following screening tests would the nurse recommend the client have beginning at the age of 50 and every 10 years after?
- A. Colonoscopy
- B. Ultrasound of the kidney
- C. Mammogram
- D. Pap smear
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Colonoscopy. Beginning at age 50, it is recommended every 10 years to screen for colorectal cancer. This screening test is essential for early detection and prevention of colon cancer. Colonoscopy allows for direct visualization of the colon and removal of any precancerous polyps.
Choice B: Ultrasound of the kidney is not a recommended screening test for a 55-year-old female. Kidney ultrasound is typically used for evaluating specific kidney conditions, not as a routine screening test.
Choice C: Mammogram is typically recommended for breast cancer screening in women starting at age 40, not every 10 years after age 50.
Choice D: Pap smear is used for cervical cancer screening, typically starting at age 21 and continuing every 3-5 years, not every 10 years after age 50.
The major secretory product of the colon is
- A. bicarbonate ions.
- B. mucus.
- C. digestive enzymes.
- D. hydrochloric acid.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: mucus. The colon secretes mucus to protect the lining from digestive enzymes and acids, aid in the passage of stool, and maintain proper intestinal function. Bicarbonate ions (A) are secreted in the pancreas to neutralize stomach acid. Digestive enzymes (C) are primarily secreted in the small intestine to break down nutrients. Hydrochloric acid (D) is secreted by the stomach to aid in digestion but not by the colon.
A patient comes to the hospital complaining of vomiting and diarrhoea. The doctor suggested that the patient take glucose and electrolyte solution orally. Which one of following membrane proteins is likely to be involved in rehydrating the patient?
- A. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR)
- B. Sodium glucose transporter protein! (SGLT1)
- C. Insulin receptor protein (IRP)
- D. Sucrase-isomaltase protein (SIP)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sodium glucose transporter protein 1 (SGLT1). SGLT1 is responsible for the active transport of glucose and sodium across the intestinal membrane. When a patient is experiencing vomiting and diarrhea, they are losing fluids and electrolytes. By taking a glucose and electrolyte solution orally, the SGLT1 protein helps in the reabsorption of glucose and sodium to facilitate rehydration.
Incorrect choices:
A: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) is associated with cystic fibrosis and does not play a direct role in rehydration.
C: Insulin receptor protein (IRP) is involved in glucose uptake regulation in response to insulin, not rehydration.
D: Sucrase-isomaltase protein (SIP) is involved in the breakdown of sugars in the small intestine, not rehydration.
The nervous system or systems that can control peristalsis in the inferior esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine is (are) the
- A. somatic motor nervous system.
- B. sympathetic nervous system.
- C. sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
- D. autonomic and somatic motor nervous systems.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because peristalsis, the involuntary movement of the digestive tract, is controlled by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The parasympathetic nervous system stimulates peristalsis, while the sympathetic nervous system inhibits it. Choice A is incorrect because the somatic motor nervous system controls voluntary movements, not peristalsis. Choice B is incorrect because the sympathetic nervous system inhibits peristalsis. Choice D is incorrect because the somatic motor nervous system does not control peristalsis in the digestive tract; it controls skeletal muscle movements.
The nurse is caring for a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The patient asks about the best way to prevent respiratory infections. What is the nurse's best response?
- A. "Take a yearly flu shot and avoid crowds during flu season."
- B. "Increase your use of nebulizer treatments to keep your lungs clear."
- C. "Take vitamin C to boost your immune system."
- D. "Use an antibiotic regularly to prevent infections."
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: The nurse's response should focus on preventing respiratory infections in a patient with COPD.
Step 2: Yearly flu shots are recommended to prevent influenza, a common trigger for respiratory infections in COPD.
Step 3: Avoiding crowds during flu season reduces exposure to pathogens, further preventing infections.
Step 4: Increasing nebulizer treatments does not directly prevent infections but may help manage COPD symptoms.
Step 5: Vitamin C may have some benefits but is not a primary preventive measure for respiratory infections in COPD.
Step 6: Regular antibiotic use is not recommended to prevent infections due to the risk of antibiotic resistance and potential side effects.
Conclusion: Option A is the best response as it includes evidence-based strategies to prevent respiratory infections in a patient with COPD.