Nokea
Which of the following symptoms of diabetes mellitus is correctly matched to its description?
- A. polyuria - excessive thirst
- B. polyphagia - excessive ketones in the blood
- C. polydipsia - excessive urine
- D. glycosuria - excessive sugar in the urine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, glycosuria - excessive sugar in the urine. In diabetes mellitus, high blood sugar levels lead to glucose spilling into the urine, causing glycosuria. Polyuria (excessive urine) is due to the kidneys trying to eliminate the excess glucose. Polyphagia (excessive hunger) results from cells not receiving enough glucose for energy. Polydipsia (excessive thirst) occurs as a result of dehydration from polyuria. Choice D is correct as it directly relates to the presence of sugar in the urine, a hallmark symptom of diabetes mellitus.
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Which is NOT part of the normal content of gastric juice?
- A. HPO42-
- B. mucus
- C. lipase
- D. amylase
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: amylase. Gastric juice primarily consists of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and mucus. Amylase is an enzyme produced in the pancreas, not in the stomach. It functions in the small intestine to break down carbohydrates. Therefore, amylase is not a normal component of gastric juice. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because HPO42- (phosphate ions), mucus, and lipase are all typically found in gastric juice.
Which gland controls basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
- A. Parathyroid
- B. Pancreas
- C. Testes
- D. Thyroid
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Thyroid. The thyroid gland produces hormones T3 and T4, which regulate the body's metabolism, including the basal metabolic rate (BMR). These hormones play a crucial role in controlling how the body uses energy. The other choices, A: Parathyroid, B: Pancreas, and C: Testes, do not directly regulate BMR. Parathyroid regulates calcium levels, pancreas regulates blood sugar levels, and testes produce hormones related to male reproductive functions. Thyroid is the only gland among the choices that specifically controls BMR through its hormone production.
The endocrine system works together with the ________ system to maintain the body’s equilibrium?
- A. digestive system
- B. nervous system
- C. respiratory system
- D. reproductive system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: nervous system. The endocrine system and nervous system work together in maintaining the body's equilibrium through communication and regulation of bodily functions. The nervous system controls rapid responses, while the endocrine system regulates slower, long-term responses through hormones. The digestive system (A) primarily focuses on breaking down food and absorbing nutrients. The respiratory system (C) is responsible for gas exchange. The reproductive system (D) is involved in reproduction and hormone production, but not in maintaining the body's equilibrium.
Which of the following hormones is released from the posterior pituitary gland?
- A. Antidiuretic hormone
- B. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
- C. Parathyroid hormone
- D. Prolactin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the posterior pituitary and plays a key role in regulating water balance in the body.
Your patient is diagnosed with myasthenia gravis, and she is given a prescription for pyridostigmine. Which of the following best summarizes the drug’s mechanism of action?
- A. Blocks muscarinic receptors, so that acetylcholine preferentially stimulates skeletal muscle
- B. Inhibits reuptake of acetylcholine by motor nerves
- C. Inhibits skeletal muscle activation at rest so that the muscles are less susceptible to fatigue during exercise
- D. Inhibits breakdown of acetylcholine, thereby improving activation of skeletal muscle by acetylcholine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: "Inhibits breakdown of acetylcholine, thereby improving activation of skeletal muscle by acetylcholine."
Rationale:
1. Pyridostigmine is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, which means it blocks the breakdown of acetylcholine.
2. In myasthenia gravis, there is a decrease in acetylcholine receptor sites, leading to muscle weakness.
3. By inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine, pyridostigmine increases the availability of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, improving muscle activation.
4. This mechanism helps alleviate muscle weakness in myasthenia gravis patients.
Summary:
A: Incorrect. Pyridostigmine does not block muscarinic receptors or change the preference of acetylcholine stimulation.
B: Incorrect. Pyridostigmine does not inhibit reuptake of acetylcholine; it acts by inhibiting its breakdown