Nokea
Which of the following terms best defines this tolerance pattern where the first cigarette of the day causes tachycardia?
- A. Cross-tolerance
- B. Tachyphylaxis
- C. Pharmacokinetic tolerance
- D. Innate tolerance
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The term "Tachyphylaxis" best defines the tolerance pattern where the initial response to a drug decreases after repeated administrations. In this case, the tachycardia experienced with the first cigarette decreases with subsequent cigarettes.
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Which of the following factors regulates the relationship between drug concentration and drug-receptor complex formation?
- A. The pharmacological response
- B. The volume of distribution of the drug
- C. The total clearance of the drug
- D. The law of mass action
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The relationship between drug concentration and drug-receptor complex formation is regulated by the law of mass action, which determines the rate of association and dissociation of the drug-receptor complex based on the concentrations of the drug and the receptor.
Eicosanoids are hormone-like compounds that are produced from fatty-acids. All of the following are eicosanoids, EXCEPT
- A. Prostacyclin
- B. Leukotrienes
- C. Endorphin
- D. Prostaglandins
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: - Endorphin is a neuropeptide hormone, not an eicosanoid derived from fatty acids.
- Prostacyclin, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins are all eicosanoids produced from fatty acids.
- Endorphins are produced in the brain and nervous system, mainly known for their role in pain regulation.
- Eicosanoids play roles in inflammation, blood clotting, and regulating blood pressure.
- Therefore, the correct answer is C, Endorphin, as it is not an eicosanoid derived from fatty acids.
The nurse in the clinical research setting is knowledgeable about ethical principles and protection of human subjects. What principle is demonstrated by ensuring the patient’s right to self- determination?
- A. Beneficence
- B. Respect for persons
- C. Justice
- D. Informed consent
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Respect for persons. This principle is demonstrated by ensuring the patient's right to self-determination, which means respecting their autonomy and right to make decisions about their own healthcare. This principle is a fundamental aspect of research ethics, emphasizing the importance of treating individuals as autonomous agents.
A: Beneficence focuses on doing good for the research subjects and maximizing benefits while minimizing harms, but it does not directly relate to self-determination.
C: Justice involves fairness in the selection of research participants and distribution of benefits and burdens, but it is not directly related to self-determination.
D: Informed consent is a process that includes providing information to participants to ensure they can make an informed decision about participating in research, which is related to but not the same as respecting self-determination.
The nurse knows that the patient should be informed about the risks and benefits related to clinical research. What ethical principle does this describe?
- A. Respect for persons
- B. Justice
- C. Beneficence
- D. Informed consent
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Informed consent. Informed consent is a fundamental ethical principle in research that requires individuals to be fully informed about the risks and benefits before participating. This principle ensures that individuals can make autonomous decisions based on complete information. Respect for persons (A) is related but focuses more on treating individuals with dignity and autonomy. Justice (B) pertains to fair distribution of benefits and risks in research. Beneficence (C) is about maximizing benefits and minimizing harms for participants, which is important but not directly related to informing patients about risks and benefits.
Which of the following conditions most likely delayed the oral absorption of acetaminophen in the patient who took a large dose in aqueous solution?
- A. A moderate increase in intestinal peristalsis
- B. The presence of strong pain
- C. The administration of the drug in aqueous solution
- D. A large volume of distribution of the drug
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The presence of strong pain can delay the absorption of acetaminophen by affecting gastric motility and absorption processes.