Nokea
Which of the following would be examples of foods selected to lower the pH of urine?
- A. Milk
- B. Tea
- C. Apples
- D. Meat
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Apples. Apples are acidic in nature, which can help lower the pH of urine. Consuming acidic foods can make the urine more acidic. Milk is alkaline, so it would raise the pH of urine. Tea can vary in acidity, but generally it is not chosen to lower urine pH. Meat is also not acidic and would not contribute to lowering urine pH. So, apples are the most suitable choice for lowering urine pH among the options provided.
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When the nurse is performing a testicular examination on a 25-year-old man, which finding is considered normal?
- A. Nontender subcutaneous plaques
- B. Scrotal area that is dry, scaly, and nodular
- C. Testes that feel oval and movable and are slightly sensitive to compression
- D. Single, hard, circumscribed, movaNblUe RmSaIsNsG, lTeBss. CthOaMn 1 cm under the surface of the testes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because testes that feel oval, movable, and slightly sensitive to compression are considered normal during a testicular examination in a 25-year-old man. This finding indicates normal testicular anatomy and function.
Rationale:
1. Oval shape: Normal testes are typically oval in shape.
2. Movable: Normal testes should be able to move slightly within the scrotum.
3. Sensitive to compression: Slight sensitivity to compression is normal due to the presence of nerves and blood vessels in the testes.
Summary of other choices:
A: Nontender subcutaneous plaques - Not normal; could indicate conditions like Peyronie's disease.
B: Scrotal area that is dry, scaly, and nodular - Not normal; could suggest dermatological conditions or infections.
D: Single, hard, circumscribed, movable mass 1 cm under the surface of the testes - Not normal; could be indicative of a test
Which of the following drug that acts by inhibiting HIV protease enzyme? *
- A. Lamivudine
- B. Efavirenz
- C. Stavudine
- D. Ritonavir
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ritonavir. Ritonavir is a protease inhibitor that works by inhibiting the HIV protease enzyme, which is crucial for viral replication. This action helps prevent the virus from spreading and multiplying in the body. Lamivudine (A), Efavirenz (B), and Stavudine (C) are not protease inhibitors and work through different mechanisms like nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibition (Lamivudine and Stavudine) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibition (Efavirenz). Therefore, they do not directly target the HIV protease enzyme like Ritonavir does.
Which of the following drugs valuable in the treatment of edema and * metabolic alkalosis?
- A. Digoxin
- B. Spironalctone
- C. Dobutamine
- D. Acetazolamide
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Acetazolamide. Acetazolamide is a diuretic that inhibits carbonic anhydrase enzyme, leading to increased excretion of bicarbonate ions, thus causing metabolic alkalosis correction and reducing edema. Digoxin (A) is used for heart failure, Spironolactone (B) is a potassium-sparing diuretic, and Dobutamine (C) is a beta-adrenergic agonist used for heart failure, none of which directly address metabolic alkalosis.
Dialysis is used to treat patients with:
- A. Acute glomerulonephritis.
- B. Renal failure.
- C. Nephrolithiasis.
- D. Pyelonephritis.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Renal failure is a condition where the kidneys are unable to adequately filter waste from the blood.
2. Dialysis is a treatment used to perform the functions of the kidneys in patients with renal failure.
3. Dialysis helps remove excess waste, fluids, and toxins from the blood, maintaining proper electrolyte balance.
4. Patients with acute glomerulonephritis, nephrolithiasis, and pyelonephritis may not require dialysis as their conditions do not directly affect kidney function to the extent that renal failure does.
Summary:
- A: Acute glomerulonephritis does not always lead to renal failure requiring dialysis.
- C: Nephrolithiasis is the formation of kidney stones and may not always require dialysis.
- D: Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection and may not necessarily lead to renal failure requiring dialysis.
Which of the following semisynthetic penicillins which has an extended spectrum of activity against many gram negative bacilli, is acid resistant but not penicillinase resistant?:
- A. Cloxacillin
- B. Amoxicillin
- C. Phenoxymethyl penicillin
- D. Piperacillin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Amoxicillin. This penicillin has an extended spectrum of activity against gram-negative bacilli, making it effective against a wider range of bacteria. It is acid-resistant, allowing it to be taken orally, but it is not penicillinase-resistant, meaning it can be easily degraded by beta-lactamase enzymes.
A: Cloxacillin is penicillinase-resistant but does not have an extended spectrum against gram-negative bacilli.
C: Phenoxymethyl penicillin is not acid-resistant and does not have an extended spectrum against gram-negative bacilli.
D: Piperacillin has an extended spectrum of activity but is not acid-resistant and is susceptible to penicillinase.