Nokea
Which of these cells in the stomach secrete mucus?
- A. parietal cells
- B. chief cells
- C. mucous neck cells
- D. enteroendocrine cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: mucous neck cells. These cells secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining from the acidic environment and aid in lubrication. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid, chief cells secrete pepsinogen, and enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones like gastrin. Mucous neck cells are specifically responsible for mucus secretion in the stomach, making them the correct choice.
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The three pairs of extrinsic salivary glands are:
- A. parotid sublingual and ethmoidal
- B. Parotid buccal and submaxillary
- C. Parotid sub mandibular and buccal
- D. Parotid Submandibular and sublingual
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the extrinsic salivary glands are the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. The parotid gland is located near the ear, the submandibular gland is under the mandible, and the sublingual gland is under the tongue.
A is incorrect because the ethmoidal gland is not an extrinsic salivary gland. B is incorrect because the buccal gland is not an extrinsic salivary gland. C is incorrect because the buccal gland is not an extrinsic salivary gland; it is a minor salivary gland located in the cheek.
Which structure is located where the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm?
- A. esophageal hiatus
- B. cardiac orifice
- C. upper esophageal sphincter
- D. lower esophageal sphincter
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: esophageal hiatus. This is the opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes, connecting the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The esophageal hiatus is specifically located at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Cardiac orifice refers to the opening of the stomach into the esophagus, not where the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm.
C: Upper esophageal sphincter is a muscular valve at the upper end of the esophagus, not related to its passage through the diaphragm.
D: Lower esophageal sphincter is located at the junction of the esophagus and stomach, not at the point where the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm.
One of the major functions of bile salts is to
- A. break down fat to fatty acids and glycerol.
- B. emulsify fat to fatty droplets.
- C. break down fat to cholesterol and lecithin.
- D. emulsify fats to bilirubin.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because bile salts emulsify fat into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for enzymes to break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. This aids in fat digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Choice A is incorrect as bile salts do not directly break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Choice C is incorrect as bile salts do not break down fats into cholesterol and lecithin. Choice D is incorrect as bile salts do not emulsify fats to bilirubin, but rather help in the digestion of fats.
At which relative exercise intensity would you expect to utilize the most intramuscular triglycerides?
- A. 25% VO2 max (i.e. 25% of aerobic capacity)
- B. 65% VO2 max
- C. 85% VO2 max
- D. 150% VO2 max
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (65% VO2 max) because at this intensity, the body primarily uses a combination of fats and carbohydrates for energy production. Intramuscular triglycerides are a source of fat utilized during moderate-intensity exercise. At 25% VO2 max (choice A), the body predominantly uses carbohydrates, while at 85% VO2 max (choice C) and 150% VO2 max (choice D), the reliance shifts towards carbohydrates due to the higher intensity levels. Therefore, option B is the most suitable intensity for utilizing intramuscular triglycerides efficiently.
Which of the following is synthesized and stored in the liver cells?
- A. Galactose
- B. Lactose
- C. Glycogen
- D. Arabinose
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Glycogen. Glycogen is synthesized and stored in liver cells as a form of glucose storage for energy. The liver plays a key role in regulating blood glucose levels by converting excess glucose into glycogen for storage. Galactose (A) is a sugar found in milk and is metabolized in the liver, but it is not synthesized or stored there. Lactose (B) is a disaccharide found in dairy products and is broken down into glucose and galactose in the intestine, not synthesized or stored in the liver. Arabinose (D) is a sugar found in plants but is not synthesized or stored in the liver.