Nokea
Which one of the following does not occur during swallowing?
- A. The larynx raises.
- B. The epiglottis moves anteriorly to close the glottis.
- C. The uvula and soft palate move inferiorly to block the oropharynx.
- D. The vestibular folds move medially.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the uvula and soft palate actually move superiorly, not inferiorly, during swallowing to close off the nasopharynx and prevent food or liquid from entering the nasal cavity. A) The larynx raises to prevent food from entering the trachea. B) The epiglottis moves anteriorly to cover the glottis and prevent aspiration. D) The vestibular folds move laterally to help seal off the airway during swallowing.
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What problem should the nurse assess the patient for if the patient was on prolonged antibiotic therapy?
- A. Coagulation problems
- B. Impaired absorption of amino acids
- C. Elevated serum ammonia levels
- D. Increased mucus and bicarbonate secretion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Elevated serum ammonia levels. Prolonged antibiotic therapy can lead to disruption of normal gut flora, causing overgrowth of ammonia-producing bacteria. Elevated serum ammonia levels can indicate hepatic encephalopathy, a serious condition that requires immediate intervention. Coagulation problems (A) are more commonly associated with liver disease or vitamin deficiencies. Impaired absorption of amino acids (B) is typically seen in conditions like celiac disease or gastrointestinal disorders, not specifically related to prolonged antibiotic use. Increased mucus and bicarbonate secretion (D) are not directly related to prolonged antibiotic therapy, but rather to respiratory or gastrointestinal conditions.
Which of the following statements regarding Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in humans is NOT TRUE?
- A. SNPs occur at a frequency of about once every 300 nucleotides
- B. they are a rare source of genetic polymorphisms
- C. a polymorphism leading to increased IL-6 expression is associated with greater mortality
- D. none of the above are true
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because SNPs are actually a common source of genetic polymorphisms, occurring frequently in the human genome. SNPs are variations in a single nucleotide base and are estimated to occur once every 300 nucleotides. Choice A is incorrect because of this high frequency. Choice C is also incorrect as certain SNPs can indeed impact gene expression and health outcomes. Choice D is incorrect because B is not true, making the statement false. In summary, B is the correct answer as SNPs are not rare but rather common genetic variations in humans.
The family members of a patient with hepatitis A ask if there is anything that will prevent them from developing the disease. What is the best response by the nurse?
- A. No immunization is available for hepatitis A, nor are you likely to get the disease.'
- B. All family members should receive the hepatitis A vaccine to prevent or modify the infection.'
- C. Those who have had household or close contact with the patient should receive immune globulin.'
- D. Only those individuals who have had sexual contact with the patient should receive immunization.'
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Those who have had household or close contact with the patient should receive immune globulin. This is because immune globulin can provide passive immunity to those exposed to hepatitis A, reducing the risk of developing the disease. Hepatitis A vaccine is not effective post-exposure, so it would not prevent disease in this scenario (option B). Option A is incorrect as there is a vaccine available for hepatitis A. Option D is incorrect because hepatitis A is primarily transmitted through fecal-oral route, not sexual contact.
Which of the following is the primary function of the small intestine?
- A. digestion of fats
- B. digestion of carbohydrates
- C. absorption of nutrients
- D. storage of bile
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: absorption of nutrients. The small intestine is responsible for absorbing nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream for distribution to the body's cells. It has specialized structures like villi and microvilli to maximize absorption surface area. Choice A is incorrect because while the small intestine does play a role in digesting fats, it is not its primary function. Choice B is incorrect because the digestion of carbohydrates primarily occurs in the mouth and stomach. Choice D is incorrect as the small intestine does not store bile, but rather receives it from the liver and gallbladder to aid in digestion.
In which part of the alimentary canal does most digestion occur?
- A. stomach
- B. proximal small intestine
- C. distal small intestine
- D. ascending colon
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: proximal small intestine. Most digestion occurs in the proximal small intestine because it is where the majority of enzymes are secreted to break down food. This section also has a large surface area for absorption of nutrients. The stomach primarily breaks down food with acids, while the distal small intestine and ascending colon focus on absorption of nutrients and water, respectively.