Nokea
Cimetidine and a calcium-containing antacid preparation administered in an appropriate dosage regimen for treating peptic ulcer differ in that:
- A. Only the calcium-containing antacid may increase gastric acid secretion.
- B. Only cimetidine is likely to cause an increase in urinary pH.
- C. Only cimetidine is likely to produce a laxative effect.
- D. Only cimetidine can prevent the rise in gastric pH after the consumption of a meal.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because only the calcium-containing antacid may increase gastric acid secretion. This is because calcium-containing antacids can stimulate the release of gastrin, which in turn increases gastric acid secretion. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because cimetidine, not a calcium-containing antacid, is the one that can cause an increase in urinary pH, produce a laxative effect, and prevent the rise in gastric pH after a meal, respectively. Therefore, A is the only statement that accurately distinguishes between cimetidine and a calcium-containing antacid in the context of treating peptic ulcers.
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Identify one nursing intervention indicated for each of the following desired outcomes of tube feeding.
- A. Prevention of aspiration
- B. Prevention of diarrhea
- C. Maintenance of tube patency
- D. Maintenance of tube placement
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Prevention of aspiration. This is essential in tube feeding to avoid the risk of food or liquid entering the lungs, causing aspiration pneumonia. Nursing interventions for this include ensuring proper positioning during and after feeding, checking residual volumes before each feeding, and using the appropriate tube size and placement.
Incorrect Choices:
B: Prevention of diarrhea - Diarrhea is not directly related to tube feeding complications, but rather to factors such as infection, medication side effects, or underlying conditions.
C: Maintenance of tube patency - While important, this focuses on ensuring the tube remains clear and functional, not directly related to preventing aspiration.
D: Maintenance of tube placement - Ensuring proper tube placement is crucial for effective feeding but does not directly address the risk of aspiration.
Which one of the following does not occur during swallowing?
- A. The larynx raises.
- B. The epiglottis moves anteriorly to close the glottis.
- C. The uvula and soft palate move inferiorly to block the oropharynx.
- D. The vestibular folds move medially.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the uvula and soft palate actually move superiorly, not inferiorly, during swallowing to close off the nasopharynx and prevent food or liquid from entering the nasal cavity. A) The larynx raises to prevent food from entering the trachea. B) The epiglottis moves anteriorly to cover the glottis and prevent aspiration. D) The vestibular folds move laterally to help seal off the airway during swallowing.
An 82-year-old man is admitted with an acute attack of diverticulitis. What should the nurse include in his care?
- A. Monitor for signs of peritonitis.
- B. Treat with daily medicated enemas.
- C. Prepare for surgery to resect the involved colon.
- D. Provide a heating pad to apply to the left lower quadrant.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Monitor for signs of peritonitis. Peritonitis is a serious complication of diverticulitis that can result from a rupture of inflamed diverticula leading to abdominal infection. Monitoring for signs such as severe abdominal pain, rigidity, and fever is crucial for early detection and prompt intervention. Option B is incorrect as daily medicated enemas are not the standard treatment for diverticulitis. Option C is also incorrect as surgery is usually reserved for complicated cases or recurrent attacks. Option D is incorrect because applying a heating pad may exacerbate inflammation and is not recommended in diverticulitis management.
Which of the following statements correctly describes GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid)?
- A. GABA is released at the presynaptic terminal to inhibit dopamine release
- B. GABA is released by GABA neurons and blocks propagation of the dopamine-triggered signal in the post synapse
- C. heroin and morphine stimulate GABA release
- D. all of the above are true
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale: Choice B is correct because GABA is indeed released by GABA neurons and acts to inhibit the propagation of signals triggered by dopamine in the post-synaptic neuron. GABA functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Choices A and C are incorrect. Choice A is inaccurate because GABA inhibits the release of dopamine, not the other way around. Choice C is incorrect as heroin and morphine act on opioid receptors, not GABA receptors. Choice D is incorrect because not all statements are true.
The stomach contractions, which move the chyme from near the periphery of the stomach toward the pyloric sphincter, are called
- A. the pyloric pump.
- B. peristaltic waves.
- C. mixing waves.
- D. mass movements.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: mixing waves. Mixing waves are the stomach contractions that help mix the chyme near the periphery of the stomach and move it towards the pyloric sphincter for further digestion. Peristaltic waves (B) are rhythmic contractions that propel food through the digestive system, not specifically in the stomach. The pyloric pump (A) is not a recognized term in gastrointestinal physiology. Mass movements (D) refer to contractions in the large intestine that move feces towards the rectum, not in the stomach.