Nokea
Which one of the following is a modern example of a quality-monitoring instrument?
- A. A chart audit
- B. A workload measurement tool
- C. A Pareto chart for delay in patient transfer
- D. A performance appraisal process
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: An example of a quality-monitoring instrument is a Pareto chart, which uses data derived from a check sheet that shows the frequency of occurrence. If a team is studying reasons for delay in patient transfer, a Pareto chart will determine the specific factors that cause delays $80\%$ of the time.
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For which percentage of the time were critical standards expected to be achieved in quality assurance programs, in relation to the level established by the program directors?
- A. $50 \%$
- B. 50%
- C. $90\%
- D. $100\%
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The foundation of quality assurance programs- achieving predetermined standards in the clinical setting- was seen as somewhat arbitrary. Administrators and program directors established the level to which each standard was to be achieved. Critical standards were expected to be achieved $100\%$ of the time, while less critical standards, perhaps $80\%$ to $90\%$ of the time.
Which one of the following is a limitation of most quality assurance programs?
- A. The high validity of the instruments used for evaluation
- B. The retrospective focus on achievement of standards
- C. The need to achieve predetermined standards in the clinical setting
- D. The acceptable reliability of the instruments used for assessment
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A limitation of quality assurance programs is the retrospective focus on achievement of standards. Considerable emphasis of quality-monitoring activities occurred after the fact when it was least possible to make necessary changes.
Which committee became responsible for accrediting hospitals, beginning in 1958 ?
- A. Commission for the Study of Hospitals
- B. Joint Committee on Accreditation of Hospitals
- C. Canadian Council on Hospital Services Accreditation
- D. Canadian Association of Hospital Accreditation Board
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In 1952, the Joint Committee on Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH) was formed, assuming responsibility for accrediting Canadian hospitals until 1958, when the Canadian Council on Hospital Services Accreditation (CCHSA) was established to accredit health care agencies in Canada.
Historically, quality assurance in health care was defined as being which one of the following?
- A. Making campaigns targeting satisfied patients
- B. Self-regulating activities of various professions
- C. Actions designed to improve processes and outcomes
- D. Increasing attentiveness and responsiveness to those receiving care
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Historically, quality assurance in health care was defined as the self-regulating activities of various professions.
What clinical outcome was supported in the Canadian Council on Health Services Accreditation (CCHISA) Survey Standards in the early 1990s and is now reflected in the C-HOBIC standards of care in Canada?
- A. A quality improvement focus
- B. Facility-wide integration of processes
- C. Clinical outcomes for evidence-informed nursing practice
- D. Methods for identifying unsafe practice by health care providers
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In the early 1990s, the CCHSA Survey Standards included clinical outcomes to support evidence-informed nursing care that are now reflected in the C-HOBIC standardized clinical outcomes.