Nokea
Which one of the following tissues normally DOES NOT produce ghrelin that stimulates food intake?
- A. Stomach
- B. Pancreas
- C. Adrenal
- D. Liver
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Ghrelin is primarily produced by the stomach to stimulate appetite.
Step 2: The pancreas produces insulin and enzymes, not ghrelin.
Step 3: The adrenal glands produce hormones like cortisol, not ghrelin.
Step 4: The liver is not a major site for ghrelin production, making choice D the correct answer.
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Which of the following is not readily absorbed in the small intestine?
- A. Na+
- B. Cl-
- C. K+
- D. Mg++
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Mg++. Magnesium is not readily absorbed in the small intestine due to its reliance on active transport mechanisms and limited absorption sites. Na+, Cl-, and K+ are all readily absorbed in the small intestine through passive or active transport processes. Na+ is mainly absorbed through active transport, Cl- through passive diffusion, and K+ through both passive and active transport mechanisms. Therefore, Mg++ stands out as it requires specific carriers for absorption, making it less readily absorbed compared to the other ions.
In caring for a client with GERD, which task would be appropriate to assign to the nursing assistant?
- A. Share successful strategies for weight reduction.
- B. Encourage the client to express concerns about lifestyle modification.
- C. Remind the client not to lie down for 2-3 hours after eating.
- D. Explain the rationale for small frequent meals.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because reminding the client not to lie down after eating helps prevent acid reflux in GERD. Nursing assistants can provide this basic instruction to promote client safety. Choice A involves sharing strategies that require more in-depth knowledge, not within a nursing assistant's scope. Choice B involves addressing emotional concerns, typically handled by nurses. Choice D involves explaining the rationale, which requires more understanding of the condition, beyond a nursing assistant's role.
Which of the following routes is used to instill a dye for a radionuclide imaging test?
- A. Infusion through oral or IV route
- B. Infusion through a T-tube
- C. Infusion through a small nasogastric tube
- D. Infusion through an endoscope
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because instilling a dye for radionuclide imaging test involves injecting the dye intravenously or orally to allow it to circulate in the bloodstream and be absorbed by the body tissues. IV route ensures rapid and direct entry into the bloodstream for proper distribution. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not provide the necessary direct access to the bloodstream required for effective distribution of the dye for imaging purposes.
Which of these ingredients in saliva is responsible for activating salivary amylase?
- A. mucus
- B. phosphate ions
- C. chloride ions
- D. urea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: phosphate ions. Phosphate ions present in saliva help activate salivary amylase by providing the necessary environment for the enzyme to function optimally. Salivary amylase works best at a slightly alkaline pH, which is facilitated by the presence of phosphate ions. Mucus (choice A) primarily helps with lubrication and binding of food particles but does not activate enzymes. Chloride ions (choice C) are not directly involved in activating salivary amylase. Urea (choice D) is a waste product and not related to enzyme activation in saliva. In summary, the correct answer is B because phosphate ions create the optimal pH environment for salivary amylase activity, while the other choices are not directly involved in enzyme activation.
Proteins are digested or broken down by the _____ in the stomach.
- A. pepsinogen
- B. pepsin
- C. hydrochloric acid
- D. lipase
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: pepsin. Pepsin is an enzyme secreted by the stomach that breaks down proteins into peptides. Initially, pepsin is produced in an inactive form called pepsinogen, which is activated by the acidic environment in the stomach. Pepsin works optimally at a low pH, which is maintained by hydrochloric acid (choice C) in the stomach. Lipase (choice D) is an enzyme that breaks down fats, not proteins. So, the correct enzyme responsible for digesting proteins in the stomach is pepsin.