Nokea
Which one of the listed disorders is the best example of an abnormality that produces systolic dysfunction primarily because of increased afterload?
- A. Anemia
- B. Aortic regurgitation
- C. Mitral regurgitation
- D. Systemic hypertension
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Systemic hypertension increases afterload, impairing systolic function as the heart struggles against elevated pressure.
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What is the function of the foramen ovale during fetal life?
- A. Allowing blood to flow directly from the right atrium into the left atrium.
- B. Allowing blood to flow directly from the right ventricle into the left ventricle.
- C. Serves as a valve in the vena cava to regulate venous blood flow.
- D. Prevents back flow of blood from aorta into the left ventricle.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The foramen ovale allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the non-functional fetal lungs by flowing directly from the right atrium to the left atrium.
A newly diagnosed patient with hypertension is prescribed Diuril, a thiazide diuretic. What patient education should the nurse provide to this patient?
- A. Eat a banana every day because Diuril causes moderate hyperkalemia.'
- B. Take over-the-counter potassium pills because Diuril causes your kidneys to lose potassium.'
- C. Diuril can cause low blood pressure and dizziness, especially when you get up suddenly.'
- D. Diuril increases sodium levels in your blood, so cut down on your salt.'
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Thiazide diuretics can cause postural hypotension, which may be potentiated by alcohol, barbiturates, opioids, or hot weather. Diuril does not cause either moderate hyperkalemia or severe hypokalemia and it does not result in hypernatremia.
Which information should the nurse include when teaching a patient with newly diagnosed hypertension?
- A. Increasing physical activity will control blood pressure(BP) for most patients.
- B. Most patients are able to control BP through dietary changes.
- C. Annual BP checks are needed to monitor treatment effectiveness.
- D. Hypertension is usually asymptomatic until target organ damage occurs.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hypertension is usually asymptomatic until target organ damage has occurred. Lifestyle changes(e.g., physical activity, dietary changes) are used to help manage blood pressure, but drugs are needed for most patients. Home BP monitoring should be taught to the patient and findings checked by the health care provider frequently when starting treatment for hypertension and then every 3 months once stable.
A 71-year-old female has been treated for hyperlipidemia by Pravastatin for the past 6 months. Her physician wanted to add an additional agent to block the absorption of exogenous cholesterol. Which of the following is the best choice?
- A. Niacin
- B. Colesevelam
- C. Gemfibrozil
- D. Ezetimibe
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Ezetimibe blocks intestinal cholesterol absorption.
The SA node discharges at 0.00 seconds, when will the action potential normally arrive at the epicardial surface at the base of the left ventricle?
- A. 0.22 sec
- B. 0.18 sec
- C. 0.16 sec
- D. 0.05 sec
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The action potential reaches the epicardial base of the left ventricle in about 0.22 seconds via Purkinje fibers.