Nokea
Which part of the digestive system is responsible for the absorption of nutrients?
- A. small intestine
- B. stomach
- C. pancreas
- D. liver
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, the small intestine, because it is the primary site for nutrient absorption in the digestive system. The small intestine is lined with villi and microvilli, increasing its surface area for efficient absorption. It contains specialized cells that transport nutrients into the bloodstream for distribution to the body. The stomach (B) primarily breaks down food using digestive enzymes and acids, while the pancreas (C) secretes digestive enzymes but does not directly absorb nutrients. The liver (D) plays a role in bile production and detoxification, but nutrient absorption occurs mainly in the small intestine.
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Occult fecal blood may be an indication of:
- A. upper gastrointestinal bleeding
- B. lower gastrointestinal bleeding
- C. both
- D. neither
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: both. Occult fecal blood can indicate bleeding anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding typically presents as melena (black, tarry stools), while lower gastrointestinal bleeding can manifest as occult blood in the stool. Therefore, occult fecal blood can be an indication of both upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Choices A and B are incorrect because occult fecal blood is not exclusive to either upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding alone. Choice D is incorrect since occult fecal blood can indeed be an indication of gastrointestinal bleeding.
The nurse is caring for a patient who has been experiencing severe diarrhea and can now resume solid foods. The nurse educates the patient about appropriate food choices. Which food choice indicates that the nurse's teaching has been successful?
- A. Whole-grain rice
- B. Wheat toast
- C. Applesauce
- D. Grapes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Applesauce. Applesauce is a low-fiber, easily digestible food that is gentle on the digestive system, making it an appropriate choice for someone recovering from severe diarrhea. It helps to bind stool and prevent further irritation. Whole-grain rice (choice A) and wheat toast (choice B) are high-fiber foods that may worsen diarrhea. Grapes (choice D) are high in natural sugars and can also aggravate diarrhea. In summary, the nurse's teaching is successful when the patient chooses applesauce because it is gentle on the digestive system and helps in recovery from diarrhea.
You're caring for Beth who underwent a Billroth II procedure (surgical removal of the pylorus and duodenum) for treatment of a peptic ulcer. Which findings suggest that the patient is developing dumping syndrome, a complication associated with this procedure?
- A. Flushed, dry skin
- B. Headache and bradycardia.
- C. Dizziness and sweating.
- D. Dyspnea and chest pain.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Dumping syndrome is a common complication post-Billroth II procedure due to rapid emptying of gastric contents into the small intestine. Choice C (dizziness and sweating) align with early dumping syndrome symptoms like vasomotor symptoms and hypoglycemia. Flushed, dry skin (A) is not typical, headache and bradycardia (B) are more indicative of vagal reaction, and dyspnea and chest pain (D) are not usually associated with dumping syndrome.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the complement system?
- A. complement is released in an activated state
- B. complement is activated by native proteins in the blood
- C. complement is produced by glial cells in the brain
- D. complement is involved only in the adaptive immune response
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
C: Complement is produced by glial cells in the brain. This is true as glial cells secrete complement proteins to modulate immune responses in the brain. A: Complement is not released in an activated state but requires activation. B: Complement is activated by foreign molecules, not native proteins in the blood. D: Complement is part of the innate immune response, not just the adaptive immune response.
A nurse is providing teaching for a client who has a new diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The client asks about foods he should avoid eating. Which of the following foods should the nurse tell him to avoid?
- A. Nonfat milk
- B. Chocolate
- C. Apples
- D. Oatmeal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Chocolate. Chocolate is high in fat and caffeine, which can relax the lower esophageal sphincter, leading to increased acid reflux in GERD. Nonfat milk (A), apples (C), and oatmeal (D) are actually recommended for GERD as they are low in fat and acidic content, and can help reduce symptoms.