Nokea
Which patient is at the greatest risk for developing pressure ulcers?
- A. A 42-year-old obese woman with type 2 diabetes
- B. A 78-year-old man who is confused and malnourished
- C. A 30-year-old man who is comatose following a head injury
- D. A 65-year-old woman who has urge and stress incontinence
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Comatose patients are at significant risk for pressure ulcers due to prolonged immobility, impaired sensation, and compromised circulation.
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T-cell receptors or antibodies react with antigens
- A. because both are made by lymphocytes
- B. because of complementary of molecular fit of both with antigen
- C. because both have light chain and heavy chain polypeptides
- D. cause histamine release
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because T-cell receptors and antibodies recognize antigens through complementary molecular fit. This interaction is based on the specific shape of the antigen-binding site on the receptor or antibody matching the shape of the antigen. This molecular complementarity allows for strong and specific binding between the antigen and the receptor/antibody. Choices A and C are incorrect as the presence of lymphocytes or specific polypeptide chains alone does not explain the mechanism of antigen recognition. Choice D is incorrect because histamine release is not directly related to the interaction between T-cell receptors or antibodies with antigens.
The current Influenza vaccine includes
- A. 3 type A strains
- B. A combination of one H1N1, one H5N1 and a B strain
- C. Only 2009 H1N1
- D. Only the most common seasonal H1N1 strain
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: The current Influenza vaccine is designed to provide protection against multiple strains to increase effectiveness.
Step 2: Option B includes a combination of different strains (H1N1, H5N1, and B), covering a broader spectrum of the virus.
Step 3: Including different strains helps to address potential mutations and variations in circulating viruses.
Step 4: Option B is the most comprehensive choice compared to others, offering a more robust protection against various strains.
Summary: Option A is too limited with only 3 type A strains, while option C focuses only on 2009 H1N1 strain. Option D is also limited to only the most common seasonal H1N1 strain. Option B stands out as the correct choice for its broad coverage of different strains.
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis typically have pain:
- A. With activity.
- B. Upon awakening.
- C. Late in the evening.
- D. All day without remission.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rheumatoid arthritis often causes morning stiffness and pain upon awakening due to inflammation and lack of movement during sleep. Pain tends to improve with activity as joints warm up.
What type of receptor is found on B cells for antigen recognition?
- A. T cell receptor (TCR)
- B. B cell receptor (BCR)
- C. Fc receptor
- D. Complement receptor
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because B cells express B cell receptors (BCR) on their surface for recognizing antigens. BCRs consist of immunoglobulin molecules that bind specifically to antigens. T cell receptors (A) are found on T cells, not B cells. Fc receptors (C) bind to the Fc region of antibodies, while complement receptors (D) recognize complement proteins, not antigens. Therefore, the BCR is the specific receptor on B cells for antigen recognition.
The nurse is caring for a patient who works as a legal secretary. The patient asks the nurse about ways to avoid developing carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Which action should the nurse suggest?
- A. "Exercise your wrists with repetitive flexion movements nightly."
- B. "Wrap your wrists with elastic bandages."
- C. "Acquire a pad to support your wrists while typing."
- D. "Apply warm compresses to wrists every evening."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: "Acquire a pad to support your wrists while typing." This is the best option as wrist supports can help maintain neutral wrist positioning, reducing strain on the median nerve and decreasing the risk of developing CTS.
A: "Exercise your wrists with repetitive flexion movements nightly." - This can actually worsen the symptoms of CTS by putting more strain on the wrists.
B: "Wrap your wrists with elastic bandages." - Elastic bandages do not provide the necessary support and may restrict blood flow.
D: "Apply warm compresses to wrists every evening." - While warm compresses can provide temporary relief for symptoms, they do not address the underlying cause of CTS.