Nokea
Which pressure remains negative throughout the respiratory cycle?
- A. intrapulmonary
- B. intrapleural
- C. intra-alveolar
- D. atmospheric
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: intrapleural pressure. Intrapleural pressure remains negative throughout the respiratory cycle due to the opposing forces of the elastic recoil of the lungs and the chest wall. This negative pressure keeps the lungs inflated and facilitates breathing. In contrast, intrapulmonary (A) and intra-alveolar (C) pressures fluctuate during inhalation and exhalation, becoming positive and negative, respectively. Atmospheric pressure (D) remains relatively constant and serves as the reference point for pressure changes in the respiratory system.
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A nurse teaches a client who had a supraglottic laryngectomy. Which technique would the nurse teach the client to prevent aspiration?
- A. Tilt the head back as far as possible when swallowing.
- B. Swallow twice while bearing down.
- C. Breathe slowly and deeply while swallowing.
- D. Keep the head very still and straight while swallowing.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Swallow twice while bearing down. This technique helps close the trachea during swallowing to prevent aspiration. Swallowing twice initiates a double swallow, which helps clear the throat and reduce the risk of food or liquid entering the airway. Tilt the head back (A), breathing slowly and deeply (C), and keeping the head still and straight (D) do not directly address the risk of aspiration in a client with a supraglottic laryngectomy.
Exchange across a membrane requires
- A. moisture.
- B. transport proteins
- C. pressure gradients.
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Exchange across a membrane involves the movement of molecules or ions. Moisture (A) helps facilitate this movement by dissolving solutes. Transport proteins (B) are essential for facilitating the movement of specific molecules across the membrane. Pressure gradients (C) can drive the movement of substances across the membrane. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as all these factors play a crucial role in facilitating exchange across a membrane. Moisture alone is not sufficient for exchange, transport proteins are necessary for specific molecule transport, and pressure gradients can aid in driving the movement of substances.
Palpation is the assessment technique used to find which abnormal assessment findings?
- A. Stridor
- B. Finger clubbing
- C. Tracheal deviation
- D. Limited chest expansion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because limited chest expansion is one of the abnormal assessment findings that can be identified through palpation techniques.
The cessation of smoking
- A. can reduce the risk of stillbirth
- B. reduces the chances of cancer
- C. reduces the chances of coronary disease
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, all of the above. Cessation of smoking reduces the risk of stillbirth by improving fetal health. It also reduces the chances of cancer by decreasing exposure to carcinogens. Additionally, quitting smoking decreases the risk of coronary disease by improving heart health. Therefore, all the choices are correct as they highlight different positive outcomes of quitting smoking.
Residual volume of the lung is
- A. 1200 ml
- B. 1500 ml
- C. 4500 ml
- D. 500 ml
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 1200 ml. Residual volume is the amount of air left in the lungs after maximum expiration. It is around 1200 ml because it cannot be exhaled due to lung elasticity. Choice B (1500 ml) is incorrect as it is higher than the normal range. Choice C (4500 ml) is incorrect as it is too high for residual volume. Choice D (500 ml) is incorrect as it is too low for residual volume.