Nokea
Which report introduced the concept of health promotion?
- A. Epp Report
- B. Black Report
- C. Lalonde Report
- D. WHO Commission Report on Social Determinants
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Lalonde Report. The Lalonde Report, published in 1974, introduced the concept of health promotion by emphasizing the importance of addressing lifestyle factors and social determinants of health. It shifted the focus from solely treating diseases to promoting overall well-being. The Epp Report (A) focused on prevention and health promotion but was published after the Lalonde Report. The Black Report (B) highlighted health inequalities but did not introduce the concept of health promotion. The WHO Commission Report on Social Determinants (D) focused on addressing social inequalities impacting health but did not specifically introduce the concept of health promotion.
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A committee of health care professionals would like to establish a district-wide program to improve access to culturally competent health care services for Vietnamese immigrants. Who would be the best person to select as a key informant about this community's needs?
- A. The hospital administrator
- B. A Vietnamese community leader
- C. A national expert on cultural competency
- D. A provincial/territorial or municipal government official
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: A Vietnamese community leader. This individual is the best choice as a key informant because they have firsthand knowledge and understanding of the needs, preferences, and challenges faced by Vietnamese immigrants in the district. They can provide valuable insights into the cultural nuances, barriers to accessing health care services, and specific needs of the community. The hospital administrator may have general knowledge but lacks specific insights into the Vietnamese immigrant community. The national expert on cultural competency may have theoretical knowledge but may not understand the local context. The government official may have a broader perspective but lacks the community-specific knowledge necessary for this program.
Which one of the following is a primary prevention activity for decreasing the incidence of communicable diseases?
- A. Identifying and treating clients in a clinic for sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
- B. Partnering with schoolteachers to teach handwashing to elementary school children and observe their techniques
- C. Providing case management services that link clients with communicable diseases to health care and community support services
- D. Providing directly observed therapy (DOT) to clients with active tuberculosis (TB)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because teaching handwashing to elementary school children is a primary prevention activity that aims to decrease the incidence of communicable diseases by preventing the spread of germs. This strategy targets the general population before any disease occurrence, focusing on promoting good hygiene practices.
A, identifying and treating clients in a clinic for STIs, is a secondary prevention activity as it involves early detection and treatment after the disease has already occurred.
C, providing case management services, is a tertiary prevention activity that focuses on managing and reducing the impact of the disease on individuals already affected.
D, providing DOT to clients with active TB, is a secondary prevention activity that involves treatment and monitoring of individuals already infected to prevent further transmission.
Which statement made by a parent indicates a need for more education about child abuse?
- A. "I have stopped slapping my child, and I am learning to count to 10 before reacting."
- B. "I never spank or hit my children; I yell at them to stop being stupid, and if they don't, I tell them that the boogeyman will steal them away at night if they don't obey."
- C. "I use 'time out' when my child acts out or is naughty. Sometimes, my child doesn't cope well with this, but I am persistent."
- D. "When my child misbehaves, I distract him and try to focus his attention on other things. If he throws a tantrum, I just pick him up and leave the store or show or wherever we may be."
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the parent's statement indicates emotional abuse through threats of harm and fear tactics. Yelling and using scare tactics like the boogeyman can have long-lasting negative effects on a child's emotional well-being, leading to anxiety and insecurity.
Choice A shows progress in managing anger and using positive discipline techniques. Choice C demonstrates a parent trying to use a common discipline method, although the child's coping difficulties may need further support. Choice D shows a parent using distraction and removal techniques, which are generally considered appropriate strategies for managing tantrums.
What community health nursing action would best ensure long-term positive health outcomes in pregnant adolescents from low-income groups and their children?
- A. Help adolescent mothers learn about body changes during pregnancy.
- B. Develop programs that enable adolescent mothers to complete their education.
- C. Offer courses in proper care of babies.
- D. Monitor pregnant adolescents for early detection of problems in pregnancy.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because completing education can empower adolescent mothers to secure better job opportunities, higher income, and improved living conditions, leading to long-term positive health outcomes for themselves and their children. This choice addresses the root causes of health disparities in low-income groups by promoting education as a key factor in breaking the cycle of poverty and improving overall well-being.
A: Learning about body changes during pregnancy is important but does not address the broader social determinants of health that impact long-term outcomes.
C: Offering courses in proper baby care is beneficial but does not address the underlying issues of education and socioeconomic status.
D: Monitoring for pregnancy problems is crucial for immediate health concerns but does not address the long-term health and well-being of the adolescent mothers and their children.
Which of the following is an example of primary prevention?
- A. Papanicolaou (Pap) tests to detect cervical cancer
- B. Screening of pregnant women for gestational diabetes
- C. COVID-19 immunization clinics
- D. Mammography to detect breast cancer
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Primary prevention aims to prevent the occurrence of a disease before it occurs. COVID-19 immunization clinics fall under primary prevention as they help prevent individuals from contracting the virus in the first place. By administering vaccines, the spread of the disease is reduced, ultimately preventing new cases. This is different from the other options: A and D involve screening tests to detect existing diseases, while B focuses on identifying a health condition in pregnant women rather than preventing its development. Thus, C is the correct choice for primary prevention.