Nokea
Which sentences are correct?
- A. 1 only
- B. 1 and 2 only
- C. 1, 2 and 3
- D. 2 and 3 only
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 1 and 2 only. Sentence 1 and 2 are correct because they are grammatically accurate and logically coherent. Sentence 3 is incorrect as it contains a grammatical error. The key is to analyze each sentence independently to determine its correctness based on grammar, clarity, and logical consistency. In this case, only sentences 1 and 2 meet the criteria, making B the correct choice.
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Which one of the following properties makes labetalol different from nearly all the other β-blockers on the market?
- A. Also blocks alpha-adrenergic receptors
- B. Causes strong atropine-like side effects, has same side effects as atropine
- C. Only blocks β1 receptors
- D. Safe for asthmatics because it lacks β2 blocking activity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because labetalol is unique among most β-blockers as it also blocks alpha-adrenergic receptors. This dual action results in vasodilation and reduced blood pressure. Choice B is incorrect as labetalol does not cause atropine-like side effects. Choice C is incorrect as labetalol blocks both β1 and β2 receptors. Choice D is also incorrect as labetalol does have some β2 blocking activity, making it not entirely safe for asthmatics.
Secretion of oxytocin is increased by
- A. milk ejection
- B. dilation of the cervix
- C. increased prolactin levels
- D. increased extracellular fluid (ECF) volume
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Certainly! The secretion of oxytocin is increased by the dilation of the cervix. When the cervix dilates during childbirth, it triggers the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland. This hormone plays a crucial role in stimulating uterine contractions during labor and delivery. Milk ejection (choice A) is primarily regulated by oxytocin but does not directly increase its secretion. Increased prolactin levels (choice C) stimulate milk production, not oxytocin secretion. Increased extracellular fluid (ECF) volume (choice D) is not directly related to oxytocin secretion.
Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
- A. anterior pituitary
- B. thyroid
- C. adrenal medulla
- D. pancreas
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: pancreas. The pancreas has both endocrine (produces hormones like insulin and glucagon) and exocrine (produces digestive enzymes) functions. This dual role makes it unique among the other options. The anterior pituitary (A) is purely endocrine, producing hormones like growth hormone. The thyroid (B) primarily functions as an endocrine gland, producing hormones like thyroxine. The adrenal medulla (C) is also solely endocrine, secreting hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine. Therefore, the pancreas is the only organ among the choices that performs both endocrine and exocrine functions.
Identify the growth factor that is released by cancer cells to create a capillary network that aids the cancer growth.
- A. macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- B. platelet derived growth factor
- C. tumor angiogenesis factor
- D. epidermal growth factor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, tumor angiogenesis factor. Cancer cells release this growth factor to promote the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) around the tumor, providing a supply of nutrients and oxygen to support their growth. This process is essential for cancer progression.
A: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor is involved in the production and differentiation of macrophages, not in angiogenesis.
B: Platelet-derived growth factor promotes cell growth and division, but it is not specifically responsible for angiogenesis in the context of cancer.
D: Epidermal growth factor is a signaling molecule that promotes cell proliferation and differentiation but is not the primary factor released by cancer cells to induce angiogenesis.
Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?
- A. a change in membrane potential
- B. the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis
- C. an increase in enzymatic activity
- D. direct control of the nervous system
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: direct control of the nervous system. Hormonal stimuli typically target specific cells or tissues to elicit a response, such as changes in membrane potential, genetic events leading to protein synthesis, or an increase in enzymatic activity. Hormones do not directly control the nervous system, as the nervous system operates independently and responds to its own set of stimuli. Therefore, D is the correct answer as it does not align with the typical effects of hormonal stimulation. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they are all changes that can be caused by hormonal stimuli.