Nokea
Which statement best describes the process of absorption of vitamins from the intestine?
- A. All of the options given are correct
- B. Vitamin E is absorbed by a protein which normally binds peroxidised fatty acids to scavenge them
- C. It is necessary to dephosphorylate thiamine pyrophosphate or pyridoxal phosphate before they can be absorbed
- D. Oxidised vitamin C (dehydroascorbic acid) is absorbed by a glucose transporter
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the absorption of vitamins from the intestine involves various mechanisms. Vitamin E is indeed absorbed by a protein that binds peroxidized fatty acids. Thiamine pyrophosphate and pyridoxal phosphate need to be dephosphorylated before absorption. Oxidized vitamin C is absorbed by a glucose transporter. Therefore, all the options given are correct as they describe different aspects of the absorption process. Each choice provides a unique insight into how different vitamins are absorbed, highlighting the complexity of the absorption process.
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Which cells in the small intestine may help protect the intestinal epithelium from bacteria?
- A. absorptive cells
- B. goblet cells
- C. granular cells
- D. endocrine cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Granular cells, also known as Paneth cells, produce antimicrobial peptides to protect the intestinal epithelium from bacteria. These peptides have antimicrobial properties that help prevent bacterial overgrowth and maintain intestinal homeostasis. Absorptive cells are primarily responsible for nutrient absorption, while goblet cells secrete mucus for lubrication. Endocrine cells produce hormones that regulate various physiological processes. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as granular cells play a direct role in protecting the intestinal epithelium from bacteria.
How should the nurse teach the patient with a hiatal hernia or GERD to control symptoms?
- A. Drink 10 to 12 oz of water with each meal.
- B. Space six small meals a day between breakfast and bedtime.
- C. Sleep with the head of the bed elevated on 4- to 6-inch blocks
- D. Perform daily exercises of toe-touching, sit-ups, and weight lifting.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Sleeping with the head of the bed elevated helps prevent gastric contents from refluxing into the esophagus, reducing GERD symptoms.
During muscle contraction, local metabolites act to vasodilate arterioles supplying the working muscle(s). Which of the following would NOT contribute to a local vasodilation?
- A. an increase in carbon dioxide
- B. an increase in hydrogen ions
- C. an increase in oxygen
- D. none of the above contribute to vasodilation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because an increase in oxygen does not contribute to local vasodilation during muscle contraction. Oxygen is typically consumed by working muscles and does not act as a vasodilator. On the other hand, increases in carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions lead to vasodilation by stimulating the release of vasodilatory substances. Choice D is incorrect because oxygen, in this context, does not contribute to vasodilation like carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions do.
Folds in the mucosa of the stomach are called _ which allows the surface area to _.
- A. Crypt, Increase
- B. Rugae, Increase
- C. Rugae, Decrease
- D. Crypt, Decrease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Rugae, Increase. Rugae are folds in the mucosa of the stomach that allow for expansion of the stomach when food is ingested, increasing the surface area for digestion and absorption. Rugae help in mixing and breaking down food efficiently.
Explanation:
1. Rugae are specifically found in the stomach to increase surface area for digestion.
2. The folds of rugae help in stretching the stomach to accommodate food intake.
3. Increased surface area aids in better absorption of nutrients.
4. Crypts are invaginations in the mucosa but not related to increasing surface area.
5. Option C and D are incorrect because rugae actually increase, not decrease, the surface area of the stomach.
Contraction of the gallbladder may be due to:
- A. Secretin
- B. VIP
- C. Bile salts
- D. Atropine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bile salts. Bile salts play a crucial role in the contraction of the gallbladder. When bile salts are released into the duodenum, they stimulate the gallbladder to contract, releasing bile into the small intestine to aid in digestion. Secretin (choice A) and VIP (choice B) are hormones that primarily regulate pancreatic secretion, not gallbladder contraction. Atropine (choice D) is an anticholinergic drug that inhibits the parasympathetic nervous system and would not stimulate gallbladder contraction. Therefore, the correct answer is C as bile salts directly trigger the contraction of the gallbladder.