Nokea
Which statement by a patient with newly diagnosed heart failure indicates to the nurse that the teaching was effective?
- A. I will call the clinic if my weight goes up 3 pounds in a week.
- B. I will take furosemide (Lasix) every day just before bedtime.
- C. I will use the nitroglycerin patch whenever I have chest pain.
- D. I will weigh myself every week with the same scale.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because it demonstrates understanding of monitoring for fluid retention, a common issue in heart failure. Calling the clinic if weight increases by 3 pounds in a week allows for early intervention. Choice B is incorrect because taking furosemide at bedtime may disrupt sleep and increase nighttime urination. Choice C is incorrect as nitroglycerin is for acute chest pain, not a preventative measure. Choice D is incorrect because weighing weekly may not catch sudden weight changes that indicate worsening heart failure.
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Which type of acid-base imbalance can result from the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase?
- A. Metabolic acidosis
- B. Respiratory acidosis
- C. Metabolic alkalosis
- D. Respiratory alkalosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase leads to decreased bicarbonate levels, causing metabolic alkalosis. Without adequate bicarbonate, the body accumulates excess base, resulting in alkalosis. Metabolic acidosis (A) is incorrect because inhibition of carbonic anhydrase would lead to excess base, not acid. Respiratory acidosis (B) and respiratory alkalosis (D) are incorrect as they are caused by respiratory, not metabolic, disturbances.
A client has been admitted for suspected inhalation anthrax infection. What question by the nurse is most important?
- A. Are any family members also ill?
- B. Have you traveled recently?
- C. How long have you been ill?
- D. What is your occupation?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: What is your occupation? This is the most important question because inhalation anthrax is commonly associated with certain occupations, like handling animal products or working in agricultural settings. Knowing the client's occupation can help identify potential sources of exposure.
A: Are any family members also ill? - While important for assessing potential spread of infection, this question does not directly help in determining the cause of the anthrax infection.
B: Have you traveled recently? - Travel history is relevant for certain infectious diseases, but for inhalation anthrax, occupational exposure is a more crucial factor to consider.
C: How long have you been ill? - Timing of symptoms is important for diagnosis and treatment, but knowing the client's occupation provides more specific information in the case of suspected inhalation anthrax.
Asphyxia occurs due to
- A. Rise in level of CO2
- B. Fall in level of CO2
- C. Rise of O2 level
- D. Fall in O2 level
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Rise in level of CO2. Asphyxia occurs when there is a buildup of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the body, leading to a lack of oxygen supply to tissues. When CO2 levels rise, it can displace oxygen in the bloodstream, causing respiratory distress and potential suffocation. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because a fall in CO2 levels, a rise in O2 levels, or a fall in O2 levels do not directly cause asphyxia. This highlights the importance of understanding the physiological processes involved in respiration to identify the correct answer.
Which statement is false about anatomical dead space?
- A. Anatomical dead space varies with age
- B. Can be estimated by the Fowlers method
- C. Significantly large in shallow breathing
- D. Measured by plotting N2 concentration against expired volume as in Bohr’s method
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because Bohr's method measures physiological dead space, not anatomical dead space. Anatomical dead space is constant and not affected by N2 concentration. A: Anatomical dead space does vary with age due to changes in lung dimensions. B: Fowlers method estimates anatomical dead space by measuring tidal volume and respiratory rate. C: Anatomical dead space is not significantly large in shallow breathing as it mainly involves the conducting airways, not the alveoli.
Which of the following anatomical structures is not part of the conducting zone?
- A. pharynx
- B. nasal cavity
- C. alveoli
- D. bronchi
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: alveoli. The conducting zone of the respiratory system includes structures that transport air to and from the gas exchange sites. Alveoli are the primary sites of gas exchange, not part of the conducting zone. Pharynx (A), nasal cavity (B), and bronchi (D) are all part of the conducting zone as they help in air transportation but do not directly participate in gas exchange like alveoli do. Therefore, alveoli is the correct answer as it does not belong to the conducting zone.