Nokea
Which statement related to the mumps vaccine is true:
- A. the vaccine is recommended, not obligatory
- B. the vaccine is not given in combination with other vaccines
- C. the vaccine is administered orally
- D. it is a live attenuated vaccine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: it is a live attenuated vaccine. This is true because the mumps vaccine is indeed a live attenuated vaccine, meaning it contains a weakened form of the virus to stimulate an immune response without causing the disease. This type of vaccine provides long-lasting immunity.
A, B, and C are incorrect:
A: the vaccine is recommended, not obligatory - this is incorrect because the mumps vaccine is typically recommended for all individuals to prevent the spread of the disease.
B: the vaccine is not given in combination with other vaccines - this is incorrect as the mumps vaccine is often given in combination with measles and rubella vaccines as the MMR vaccine.
C: the vaccine is administered orally - this is incorrect because the mumps vaccine is usually administered via injection, not orally.
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Nigrosin is a stain used in:
- A. simple staining
- B. gram staining
- C. negative staining
- D. acid-fast staining
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Nigrosin is used in negative staining, where the background is stained instead of the cells themselves. This technique helps highlight the morphology and structure of cells that may be damaged by traditional staining methods. Nigrosin is negatively charged and repels the negatively charged bacterial cells, resulting in a clear halo around the cells. This process is particularly useful for observing capsules and determining cell size and shape. The other options are incorrect because simple staining uses a single dye to color the entire cell, gram staining involves a series of dyes to differentiate between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and acid-fast staining is used to detect acid-fast organisms like Mycobacterium.
Which enzyme is one of the most important and constant criteria for pathogenicity of staphylococcus aureus?
- A. beta lactamase
- B. plasma coagulase
- C. catalase
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: plasma coagulase. This enzyme is essential for the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus as it can convert fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a protective barrier around the bacteria. This helps the bacteria evade the host's immune system. Beta lactamase (A) is not directly related to pathogenicity but rather resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Catalase (C) is produced by many bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, but it is not a specific indicator of pathogenicity. Choice D is incorrect as plasma coagulase is indeed an important criterion for the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus.
A patient with a sore throat had a throat smear revealing Gram-positive cocci in pairs. The bacteria were catalase-negative and beta-hemolytic. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Streptococcus pyogenes
- B. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- C. Enterococcus faecalis
- D. Staphylococcus aureus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Streptococcus pyogenes.
Rationale:
1. Gram-positive cocci in pairs suggest Streptococcus species.
2. Catalase-negative rules out Staphylococcus.
3. Beta-hemolytic indicates Streptococcus pyogenes due to its beta-hemolytic properties.
Summary:
B: Streptococcus pneumoniae is catalase-negative but not beta-hemolytic.
C: Enterococcus faecalis is not typically beta-hemolytic.
D: Staphylococcus aureus is catalase-positive and not typically in pairs.
The binominal system of nomenclature was originally developed by
- A. Pasteur
- B. Linnaeus
- C. Martini
- D. Jenner
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Linnaeus. Linnaeus developed the binomial system of nomenclature in the 18th century. This system uses a two-part naming system consisting of the genus and species name to classify and identify organisms. Linnaeus's contribution revolutionized the way organisms are named and classified in the field of biology. Other choices are incorrect as Pasteur is known for his work in microbiology, Martini is not associated with the development of binomial nomenclature, and Jenner is known for developing the smallpox vaccine.
Which ones of the following symptoms are NOT typical for botulism
- A. descending, flaccid paralysis
- B. dry mouth and difficulty in swallowing and speaking
- C. chills, fever up to 40°C and loss of consciousness
- D. blurred vision, diplopia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because chills, fever, and loss of consciousness are not typical symptoms of botulism. Botulism is characterized by descending, flaccid paralysis (choice A), dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, and speaking (choice B), and blurred vision, diplopia (choice D). These symptoms result from the neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis. Chills, fever, and loss of consciousness are more commonly associated with infections or other conditions, not botulism.