Nokea
Which stimulates parietal cell secretion?
- A. prostaglandins
- B. aspirin
- C. vinegar
- D. acetylcholine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: acetylcholine. Acetylcholine directly stimulates parietal cells in the stomach to secrete hydrochloric acid. It binds to muscarinic receptors on parietal cells, leading to an increase in acid production. Prostaglandins (A) inhibit acid secretion, aspirin (B) can cause gastric irritation and ulcers, and vinegar (C) does not directly stimulate parietal cells.
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Which one of the following is an appropriate nursing intervention for preparing a client for a CT scan?
- A. Consult the physician for the special preparation
- B. Provide general explanation to the client
- C. Inform client to temporarily eliminate salt from the diet
- D. Instruct the client to fast
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Providing a general explanation to the client about the CT scan ensures they understand the procedure and prepares them psychologically for the test.
How do protein kinases affect enzymes?
- A. They add a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to the enzyme.
- B. They increase the release of an enzyme.
- C. They break down the enzyme.
- D. They increase the secretion of an enzyme.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
1. Protein kinases add a phosphate group to enzymes through phosphorylation.
2. Phosphorylation alters enzyme activity and can activate or deactivate enzymes.
3. This process regulates enzyme function and signaling pathways.
Summary of other choices:
B. Incorrect - Protein kinases do not increase enzyme release; they modify enzyme activity.
C. Incorrect - Protein kinases do not break down enzymes; they regulate their activity.
D. Incorrect - Protein kinases do not increase enzyme secretion; they modify enzyme function through phosphorylation.
What findings are commonly found in a patient with a prolactinoma?
- A. Gynecomastia in men
- B. Profuse menstruation in women
- C. Excess follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
- D. Signs of increased intracranial pressure, including headache, nausea, and vomiting
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Prolactinomas often cause gynecomastia in men and other symptoms due to increased prolactin secretion.
This adrenal cortical mineralocorticoid helps regulate salt and water balance.
- A. Aldosterone
- B. Glucagon
- C. Cortisol
- D. ADH
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Aldosterone. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex that specifically regulates salt and water balance in the body. It acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water, thus helping to maintain blood pressure and electrolyte balance.
Explanation for incorrect choices:
B: Glucagon - Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas that primarily regulates blood sugar levels by promoting the release of glucose from the liver. It does not play a role in salt and water balance regulation.
C: Cortisol - Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that is involved in the body's response to stress and helps regulate metabolism, immune response, and inflammation. It does not have a direct role in salt and water balance.
D: ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - ADH is produced by the hypothalamus and acts on the kidneys to regulate water balance by increasing water reabsorption. While it is involved
Abrupt, sudden withdrawal of prednisone (cortisol) is most likely to cause:
- A. Cushing syndrome.
- B. hypocalcemic tetany.
- C. diabetes insipidus.
- D. acute adrenal insufficiency.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: acute adrenal insufficiency. Abrupt withdrawal of prednisone can lead to adrenal insufficiency due to suppression of the adrenal glands' natural cortisol production. This can result in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, abdominal pain, and low blood pressure. Cushing syndrome (choice A) is caused by excessive cortisol, hypocalcemic tetany (choice B) is due to low calcium levels, and diabetes insipidus (choice C) is a disorder of water balance regulation, not related to prednisone withdrawal.