Nokea
Which structure is a ball and socket joint?
- A. Elbow
- B. Ankle
- C. Shoulder
- D. Knee
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Shoulder. A ball and socket joint allows for a wide range of motion in multiple directions and is characterized by a spherical end of one bone fitting into a socket on another bone. The shoulder joint is a prime example of a ball and socket joint, offering extensive movement capabilities compared to other joint types like hinge joints (e.g., elbow and knee) or gliding joints (e.g., ankle).
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What is the response of cells in the collecting tubules in the nephrons when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted?
- A. Serum potassium retention increases.
- B. Large quantities of dilute urine are formed.
- C. Water is reabsorbed from the urinary filtrate.
- D. The tubules become impermeable to water.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
All actions of the nervous system depend on the transmission of nerve impulses over which of the following?
- A. Neuroglia
- B. Efferent pathways
- C. Afferent pathways
- D. Neurons
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Nerve impulses are transmitted in the nervous system through neurons. Neurons are specialized cells responsible for transmitting electrical and chemical signals, known as nerve impulses. Neuroglia are supportive cells in the nervous system, efferent pathways carry signals away from the central nervous system, and afferent pathways carry signals towards the central nervous system. Therefore, neurons play a crucial role in transmitting nerve impulses, making them the correct answer.
Which type of cholesterol is considered the healthiest?
- A. LDL
- B. HDL
- C. VLDL
- D. VHDL
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is considered the healthiest type of cholesterol because it helps remove LDL cholesterol from the arteries, reducing the risk of heart disease. HDL acts as a scavenger, picking up excess cholesterol in the blood and transporting it back to the liver for removal from the body. This is why HDL is often referred to as 'good' cholesterol, emphasizing its protective role in cardiovascular health.
What organelle contributes to phagocytosis in white blood cells?
- A. ER
- B. Lysosomes
- C. Vacuole
- D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Lysosomes play a crucial role in phagocytosis within white blood cells. Lysosomes contain enzymes that aid in the digestion of foreign particles and cellular debris, making them essential for the process of phagocytosis. The other organelles listed, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), vacuole, and Golgi apparatus, do not directly contribute to phagocytosis within white blood cells.
Which type of cell secretes antibodies?
- A. bacterial cell
- B. viral cell
- C. lymph cell
- D. plasma cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell specialized in producing and secreting antibodies. Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are vital components of the immune system that help recognize and neutralize pathogens. When the body encounters an antigen, plasma cells are activated to produce and secrete antibodies specific to that antigen. These antibodies bind to the pathogen, marking it for destruction by other immune cells. Therefore, plasma cells are the correct answer as they are specifically designed to produce and secrete antibodies to fight infections.