Nokea
Which structure is encircled by the circle of Willis?
- A. cavernous sinus
- B. pineal gland
- C. aqueduct of the midbrain
- D. pituitary stalk
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The circle of Willis encircles the pituitary stalk and provides collateral blood flow to the brain. It is a critical anastomotic structure at the base of the brain.
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To prevent strain on Mr. Tucker's back muscles, which nursing action is INAPPROPRIATE?
- A. To place him on bed pan, logroll using a turning sheet
- B. When lying on his side, flex upper leg and place a pillow between his knees
- C. When lying on his back, place pillows under entire length of his knees
- D. To turn him on his side, gently turn his shoulders and upper trunk first, prop with a pillow, then turn his pelvis and lower limbs
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Turning the pelvis and lower limbs last can strain back muscles.
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH):
- A. is synthesized by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
- B. is released by neurosecretion
- C. its secretion is increased by a low plasma osmolarity
- D. increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ADH is synthesized in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary via neurosecretion. Its secretion is increased by high plasma osmolarity or low blood volume. ADH increases water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts by increasing their permeability to water.
Which of these patients in the neurologic ICU will be best to assign to an RN who has floated from the medical unit?
- A. A 26-year-old patient with a basilar skull fracture who has clear drainage coming out of the nose
- B. A 42-year-old patient admitted several hours ago with a headache and diagnosed with a ruptured berry aneurysm
- C. A 46-year-old patient who was admitted 48 hours ago with bacterial meningitis and has an antibiotic dose due
- D. A 65-year-old patient with an astrocytoma who has just returned to the unit after having a craniotomy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A stable patient receiving antibiotics is more appropriate for an RN floating from another unit.
Nurse Parker is overseeing the care of a patient with Parkinson's disease who has been consistently taking carbidopa/levodopa (Sinemet) for a year. She is attentively monitoring for any potential adverse reactions associated with this specific medication. Which adverse reaction should Nurse Parker be particularly vigilant about in monitoring this patient?
- A. The occurrence of dyskinesia.
- B. The emergence of respiratory depression.
- C. The onset of glaucoma.
- D. The development of a rash or other signs of an allergic reaction.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Dyskinesia, or involuntary movements, is a common adverse reaction to long-term levodopa therapy in PD patients.
The action potential pattern that appears on the oscilloscope screen is caused by rapid ________.
- A. polarity changes
- B. pH changes
- C. breakdown of the membrane structure
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The action potential pattern observed on an oscilloscope is caused by rapid changes in membrane polarity. During an action potential, the membrane potential depolarizes (becomes more positive) as sodium ions rush into the neuron, followed by repolarization (returning to negative) as potassium ions exit. These polarity changes are essential for the propagation of nerve impulses and are a hallmark of neural activity.