Nokea
Which surgical procedure involves opening or replacing a narrowed or blocked heart valve?
- A. Valve replacement
- B. Angioplasty
- C. Stent placement
- D. Coronary bypass surgery
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Valve replacement. This surgical procedure involves opening or replacing a narrowed or blocked heart valve. During valve replacement, a damaged valve is removed and replaced with a new one to restore normal blood flow. Angioplasty (B) involves opening blocked arteries, stent placement (C) involves inserting a mesh tube to keep arteries open, and coronary bypass surgery (D) involves rerouting blood flow around blocked coronary arteries. These procedures are not specifically related to treating narrowed or blocked heart valves, making them incorrect choices for this question.
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ECG changes in myocardial infarction.
- A. ST elevation
- B. Q waves
- C. Both A and B
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: ECG shows characteristic ST elevation and Q waves during MI.
What is a chronic condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and other parts of the body?
- A. Heart failure
- B. Myocardial infarction
- C. Pericarditis
- D. Pulmonary edema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Heart failure is the correct answer because it is a chronic condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively.
Step 2: This ineffective pumping leads to fluid buildup in the lungs (pulmonary congestion) and other parts of the body (edema).
Step 3: Myocardial infarction (B) is incorrect as it is an acute condition resulting from a blockage in coronary arteries causing heart muscle damage.
Step 4: Pericarditis (C) is incorrect as it is inflammation of the pericardium, the outer lining of the heart, not directly related to heart pumping efficiency.
Step 5: Pulmonary edema (D) is incorrect as it specifically refers to fluid accumulation in the lungs, not necessarily linked to heart failure.
What is the term for the ability of cardiac cells to respond to a stimulus by initiating a cardiac impulse?
- A. Excitability
- B. Contractility
- C. Rhythmicity
- D. Conductivity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Excitability. Excitability refers to the ability of cardiac cells to respond to a stimulus by initiating a cardiac impulse. This process is essential for the heart to function properly. Contractility (B) is the ability of cardiac muscle to shorten forcibly when stimulated. Rhythmicity (C) refers to the heart's ability to generate a regular rhythm of contractions. Conductivity (D) is the ability of cardiac cells to transmit electrical impulses. Excitability is the most fitting term in this context as it specifically describes the response of cardiac cells to a stimulus.
The client on nitroglycerin complains of a headache. How does the nurse explain this?
- A. This is a normal side effect of nitroglycerin.
- B. This is an allergic reaction to nitroglycerin.
- C. This is an indication of overdose.
- D. This is a sign of heart failure.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: This is a normal side effect of nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator that relaxes blood vessels, including those in the head, leading to headaches. The nurse should explain that this is a common and expected side effect of the medication.
B: This is incorrect because a headache from nitroglycerin is not indicative of an allergic reaction.
C: This is incorrect as a headache is not typically a sign of overdose with nitroglycerin.
D: This is incorrect as a headache from nitroglycerin is not specifically linked to heart failure.
Which artery supplies the right atrium, right ventricle, a portion of the septum, SA node, AV node, and inferior portion of the left ventricle?
- A. Right coronary artery
- B. Left circumflex artery
- C. Posterior descending artery
- D. Aortic artery
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Right coronary artery. This artery supplies the mentioned structures as it branches off from the aorta and follows the coronary sulcus to reach the right side of the heart. It provides blood to the right atrium, right ventricle, part of the septum, SA node, AV node, and inferior left ventricle. The Left circumflex artery (B) mainly supplies the left atrium and lateral part of the left ventricle. The Posterior descending artery (C) typically arises from the right coronary artery and supplies the inferior part of the heart. The Aortic artery (D) is not a specific artery that directly supplies the structures mentioned.