Nokea
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with anaphylaxis?
- A. Sudden drop in blood pressure
- B. Massive edema
- C. Severe bronchoconstriction
- D. T cell apoptosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: T cell apoptosis. Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that involves a rapid immune response. T cell apoptosis is not a typical symptom of anaphylaxis.
Rationale:
1. A: Sudden drop in blood pressure is associated with anaphylaxis due to systemic vasodilation.
2. B: Massive edema is common in anaphylaxis due to increased vascular permeability.
3. C: Severe bronchoconstriction is a hallmark of anaphylaxis, leading to respiratory distress.
4. D: T cell apoptosis is not a characteristic feature of anaphylaxis. T cells play a role in adaptive immunity, not the immediate hypersensitivity reaction seen in anaphylaxis.
Summary:
T cell apoptosis is not typically associated with anaphylaxis, unlike the other symptoms listed which are common manifestations of this severe allergic reaction.
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The nurse is caring for a patient who works as a legal secretary. The patient asks the nurse about ways to avoid developing carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Which action should the nurse suggest?
- A. "Exercise your wrists with repetitive flexion movements nightly."
- B. "Wrap your wrists with elastic bandages."
- C. "Acquire a pad to support your wrists while typing."
- D. "Apply warm compresses to wrists every evening."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: "Acquire a pad to support your wrists while typing." This is the best option as wrist supports can help maintain neutral wrist positioning, reducing strain on the median nerve and decreasing the risk of developing CTS.
A: "Exercise your wrists with repetitive flexion movements nightly." - This can actually worsen the symptoms of CTS by putting more strain on the wrists.
B: "Wrap your wrists with elastic bandages." - Elastic bandages do not provide the necessary support and may restrict blood flow.
D: "Apply warm compresses to wrists every evening." - While warm compresses can provide temporary relief for symptoms, they do not address the underlying cause of CTS.
Adding adjuvants in Flu vaccines, such as AS03 used in Canada in the 2009 H1N1 vaccine is thought to
- A. Induce danger signals
- B. Generally boost the innate immune response
- C. Create a slower release of antigen (antigen depot)
- D. All of the above is correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Adjuvants like AS03 induce danger signals by activating innate immunity, enhancing the response to the vaccine.
Step 2: Adjuvants generally boost the innate immune response by increasing antigen presentation and cytokine production.
Step 3: Adjuvants create a slower release of antigen, forming an antigen depot which prolongs immune stimulation.
Summary: Choice D is correct because adjuvants like AS03 do induce danger signals, boost the innate immune response, and create a slower release of antigen, leading to enhanced vaccine efficacy. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not encompass all the effects of adjuvants in flu vaccines.
Which of the following statements concerned with multiple sclerosis (MS) is correct?
- A. Genetic factors seem to play a role in predisposition to develop MS
- B. Predisposition to develop MS does not seem to have an environmental component
- C. MS is more common in Central and South America than in North America
- D. The disease seems to be mediated primarily by autoantibodies
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: Option A is correct because genetic factors have been identified as playing a role in predisposition to develop MS. Studies have shown a higher risk among individuals with family history. Option B is incorrect because environmental factors, such as vitamin D levels and viral infections, are known to influence MS development. Option C is incorrect as MS is more prevalent in North America and Europe. Option D is incorrect because MS is primarily mediated by T-cell responses, not autoantibodies.
A patient with a pH of 7.29 has metabolic acidosis. Which value is useful in determining whether the cause of the acidosis is an acid gain or a bicarbonate loss?
- A. PaCO2
- B. Anion gap
- C. Serum Na+ level
- D. Bicarbonate level
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Bicarbonate levels help differentiate between acid gain (low bicarbonate) and bicarbonate loss (normal or high anion gap).
Which of the following is a characteristic of the constant region of a T cell receptor?
- A. Mediates antigen binding
- B. Anchors the receptor in the T cell membrane
- C. Interacts with MHC molecules
- D. Structurally diverse amongst all T cell receptors
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Anchors the receptor in the T cell membrane. The constant region of a T cell receptor is responsible for anchoring the receptor in the T cell membrane, providing stability and structural support. This region does not mediate antigen binding (choice A), as that function is carried out by the variable region. It also does not directly interact with MHC molecules (choice C), which is primarily the role of the variable region. Lastly, the constant region is not structurally diverse amongst T cell receptors (choice D), as it remains relatively consistent within a specific T cell subtype.