Nokea
Which term refers to the contraction phase of the heart when blood is ejected from the chambers?
- A. Systole
- B. Diastole
- C. Contractility
- D. Afterload
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Systole. During systole, the heart muscle contracts to pump blood out of the chambers. This phase is essential for delivering oxygenated blood to the body. Diastole (B) is the relaxation phase when the heart fills with blood. Contractility (C) refers to the heart's ability to contract, not a specific phase. Afterload (D) is the pressure the heart must pump against to eject blood, not a phase of the cardiac cycle. Therefore, the term that specifically refers to the contraction phase of the heart is systole.
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During hemodynamic monitoring, the nurse finds that the patient has a decreased CO with unchanged pulmonary artery wedge pressures, HR, and SVR. The nurse identifies that the patient has a decrease in
- A. SV
- B. Preload
- C. Afterload
- D. Contractility
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: CO is dependent on the heart rate and stroke volume, and stroke volume is determined by preload, afterload and contractility. If CO is decreased and heart rate is unchanged, stroke volume is the variable factor.
What is the condition where the blood vessels that supply blood to the legs and feet become narrowed or blocked, causing pain and difficulty walking?
- A. Peripheral artery disease
- B. Raynaud's disease
- C. Varicose veins
- D. Pulmonary embolism
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Peripheral artery disease (PAD). PAD is characterized by narrowed or blocked blood vessels in the legs, leading to reduced blood flow, causing pain and difficulty walking (claudication). The narrowing is typically due to atherosclerosis. Raynaud's disease (B) involves spasms of small arteries, causing reduced blood flow to fingers and toes, not legs. Varicose veins (C) are enlarged, twisted veins, not arteries. Pulmonary embolism (D) is a blockage in the lungs' arteries, not the legs.
What is a condition where a blood clot forms in a vein, often in the legs, which can cause pain and swelling and may lead to serious complications if it travels to the lungs?
- A. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
- B. Pulmonary embolism
- C. Varicose veins
- D. Aneurysm
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT). DVT occurs when a blood clot forms in a deep vein, often in the legs. This can cause pain, swelling, and potentially serious complications if the clot dislodges and travels to the lungs, leading to a pulmonary embolism. Varicose veins (C) are enlarged, twisted veins close to the skin's surface, not deep veins. Aneurysm (D) is the ballooning of a blood vessel, not a clot formation. Pulmonary embolism (B) is a complication of DVT, not the initial condition.
The nurse is giving the client digoxin for heart failure and recognizes that the drug has what type of effect on the heart?
- A. Negative inotropic, negative chronotropic effect
- B. Positive inotropic, negative chronotropic effect
- C. Negative inotropic, positive chronotropic effect
- D. Positive inotropic, positive chronotropic effect
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Positive inotropic, negative chronotropic effect. Digoxin is a positive inotrope, meaning it increases the force of myocardial contraction, which helps improve cardiac output in heart failure. It has a negative chronotropic effect, meaning it decreases the heart rate by slowing down the electrical conduction in the heart, which can be beneficial in certain heart conditions.
Choice A (Negative inotropic, negative chronotropic effect) is incorrect because digoxin is a positive inotrope, not a negative inotrope. Choice C (Negative inotropic, positive chronotropic effect) is incorrect because digoxin does not have a positive chronotropic effect. Choice D (Positive inotropic, positive chronotropic effect) is incorrect because digoxin has a negative chronotropic effect, not a positive one.
Therefore, the correct choice is B due to the combination of positive inotropic effect and negative chronotropic effect of digoxin on the heart
What is the condition where the heart's mitral valve becomes narrowed, restricting blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle?
- A. Mitral stenosis
- B. Aortic stenosis
- C. Tricuspid regurgitation
- D. Pulmonary hypertension
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mitral stenosis. Mitral stenosis refers to the narrowing of the mitral valve, which obstructs blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. This condition leads to increased pressure in the left atrium and lungs, causing symptoms like shortness of breath and fatigue.
Explanation:
1. Mitral stenosis specifically involves the mitral valve, not the aortic valve (B) or the tricuspid valve (C).
2. Tricuspid regurgitation (C) involves leakage of blood backward through the tricuspid valve, not narrowing.
3. Pulmonary hypertension (D) is a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs due to various causes, not specifically related to mitral valve narrowing.