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Which type of skin cancer can be recognized in lesion characteristics based on the ABCD rule?
- A. Melanoma
- B. Basal cell carcinoma
- C. Sarcoma
- D. Squamous cell carcinoma
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The ABCD rule is a method used to identify characteristics associated with melanoma, not basal cell carcinoma. The letters stand for Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, and Diameter greater than 6mm. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer, but it is not typically identified using the ABCD rule. Melanoma is the correct answer as it is the type of skin cancer recognized based on the ABCD rule.
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Why are skeletal muscles also called voluntary muscles?
- A. They are under conscious control.
- B. They are attached to the skeleton.
- C. They use ATP to energize contraction.
- D. They are striated in appearance.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Skeletal muscles are referred to as voluntary muscles because they are under conscious control. This means that individuals can decide when to contract these muscles, enabling voluntary movements such as walking, running, and lifting objects. Choice A is the correct answer as it reflects the defining characteristic of voluntary control over skeletal muscles. Choices B, C, and D are not the primary reasons for why skeletal muscles are termed voluntary muscles as they do not relate directly to the conscious control aspect.
What is the name of the process in the lungs by which oxygen is transported from the air to the blood?
- A. osmosis
- B. diffusion
- C. dissipation
- D. reverse osmosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, diffusion. Diffusion is the process by which oxygen moves from an area of high concentration (in the air) to an area of low concentration (in the blood) through the alveoli in the lungs. Osmosis involves the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane, not oxygen molecules. Dissipation refers to the dispersal or scattering of something. Reverse osmosis is a process used in water purification, which is not relevant to the transport of oxygen in the lungs.
Which organelle contributes to phagocytosis in white blood cells?
- A. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- B. Lysosomes
- C. Vacuole
- D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Lysosomes are the organelles responsible for phagocytosis in white blood cells. During phagocytosis, white blood cells engulf and digest pathogens or debris. Lysosomes contain enzymes that aid in breaking down the engulfed material, playing a crucial role in the process. On the other hand, the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), Vacuole, and Golgi apparatus have different functions within the cell and are not directly involved in phagocytosis.
The orthopedic surgeon informs you that you have broken the middle region of the humerus. What is he describing?
- A. Epiphysis
- B. Articular cartilage
- C. Perichondrium
- D. Diaphysis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Diaphysis. The humerus is a long bone consisting of a shaft known as the diaphysis. The diaphysis is the middle region of a long bone, while the epiphysis refers to the ends of the long bone. Articular cartilage is the smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints, and the perichondrium is the connective tissue covering the cartilage.
All actions of the nervous system depend on the transmission of nerve impulses over which of the following?
- A. Neuroglia
- B. Efferent pathways
- C. Afferent pathways
- D. Neurons
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Nerve impulses are transmitted in the nervous system through neurons. Neurons are specialized cells responsible for transmitting electrical and chemical signals, known as nerve impulses. Neuroglia are supportive cells in the nervous system, efferent pathways carry signals away from the central nervous system, and afferent pathways carry signals towards the central nervous system. Therefore, neurons play a crucial role in transmitting nerve impulses, making them the correct answer.