Nokea
While having his height measured during a routine health examination, a 79-year-old man asks the nurse why he is 'shrinking.' How should the nurse explain the decreased height that occurs with aging?
- A. Decreased muscle mass results in a stooped posture
- B. Loss of cartilage in the knees and hip joints causes a loss of height
- C. Long bones become less dense and shorten as bone tissue compacts
- D. Vertebrae become more compressed with thinning of intervertebral discs
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Compression of vertebrae contributes to height loss.
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Like other systems in the body, the nervous system is composed of organs, principally the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and _______.
- A. ganglia
- B. axon
- C. neurons
- D. dura mater
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The nervous system is composed of several key organs, including the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia. Ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system and play a role in processing and transmitting nerve signals. Axons and neurons are components of nerves, while the dura mater is a protective membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Ganglia are the correct answer as they are distinct organs within the nervous system.
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are two well-known _________.
- A. postsynaptic receptors
- B. enzymes that rapidly inactivate neurotransmitters
- C. drugs of abuse
- D. neurotransmitters
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are two well-known neurotransmitters that play critical roles in the nervous system. Acetylcholine is involved in muscle contraction, memory, and learning, while norepinephrine regulates attention, arousal, and stress responses. These neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors on postsynaptic neurons, triggering electrical signals that propagate neural communication. Their proper functioning is essential for normal brain and body activities.
Nerve impulses create a change in voltage which is measured by and can be seen on a(n) ________.
- A. stethoscope
- B. electrocardiogram
- C. oscilloscope
- D. laparoscope
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: An oscilloscope is a device used to measure and display changes in voltage over time, making it ideal for visualizing nerve impulses. When a nerve impulse occurs, it creates a rapid change in membrane potential, which can be recorded as a waveform on the oscilloscope. This tool is commonly used in neuroscience research to study the electrical activity of neurons and understand how nerve impulses are generated and propagated.
The affection of cerebellar may produce any of the following EXCEPT:
- A. nystagmus
- B. ataxia
- C. dysmetria
- D. dyspraxia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Dyspraxia is the correct answer because it is a disorder of motor planning and execution, typically associated with damage to the frontal or parietal lobes, rather than the cerebellum. The cerebellum is responsible for coordination, balance, and fine motor control, so its dysfunction results in ataxia, dysmetria, and nystagmus.
A neuron with a cell body located in the CNS whose primary function is connecting other neurons is called a(n):
- A. efferent neuron
- B. afferent neuron
- C. interneuron
- D. glial cell
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Interneurons are neurons located entirely within the CNS that connect other neurons. Efferent neurons transmit signals from the CNS to effectors, afferent neurons transmit signals from receptors to the CNS, and glial cells and satellite cells are supportive cells. Thus, C is the correct answer.