Nokea
With respect to ejaculation which of the following statements is incorrect.
- A. ejaculation is the result of para-sympathetic stimulation
- B. ejaculation results from the summation of synaptic potentials
- C. during ejaculation semen is expelled by rapid contraction of the urethral smooth muscle
- D. ejaculation results is the discharge of sperm, seminal vesicle and prostatic secretions
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because ejaculation is primarily controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, not the para-sympathetic system. The sympathetic nervous system triggers the contraction of smooth muscles to allow for ejaculation. Choice B is incorrect because ejaculation is not a result of summation of synaptic potentials, but rather a coordinated response. Choice C is incorrect because semen is expelled by rhythmic contractions of the pelvic floor muscles, not the urethral smooth muscle. Choice D is incorrect because ejaculation involves the discharge of sperm, seminal vesicle, prostatic secretions, and other fluids from the reproductive system.
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Your 30 year old female patient is c/o bad-smelling vaginal discharge with mild itching for about 3 weeks. Douching did not help. Denies painful urination or intercourse. She noticed the smell increased after intercourse and during her period last week. There are no lesions on the perineum. No lymphadenopathy. On speculum examination, there is a thin gray-white discharge. The pH of the discharge is over 4.5 and there is a fishy odor when potassium hydroxide (KOH) is applied to the vaginal secretions on the slide. Wet prep shows epithelial cells with stippled border (clue cells). What type of vaginitis best describes the findings?
- A. Trichomonas vaginitis
- B. Candida vaginitis
- C. Bacterial vaginosis
- D. Atrophic vaginitis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bacterial vaginosis. The key findings in this scenario point towards bacterial vaginosis. The presence of thin gray-white discharge, fishy odor with KOH, pH over 4.5, and clue cells on wet prep are classic for bacterial vaginosis. Trichomonas vaginitis (choice A) typically presents with yellow-green frothy discharge and motile trichomonads on microscopy. Candida vaginitis (choice B) is characterized by thick, white, cottage cheese-like discharge and budding yeast or pseudohyphae on microscopy. Atrophic vaginitis (choice D) usually occurs in menopausal women due to estrogen deficiency and presents with thin, pale vaginal walls and vaginal dryness. In this case, the absence of these findings makes bacterial vaginosis the most likely diagnosis.
Which of the following statements is correct?
- A. Follicle stimulating hormone secreted from the hypothalamus stimulates spermatogenesis in the Sertoli cells.
- B. Luteinizing hormone secreted from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of testosterone from the Leydig cells.
- C. Leydig cells secrete testosterone which stimulates spermatogenesis in the Sertoli cells.
- D. Leydig cells secrete inhibin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
C is correct because Leydig cells in the testes secrete testosterone, which is essential for stimulating spermatogenesis in the Sertoli cells. Testosterone plays a crucial role in the development and maturation of sperm. A is incorrect because follicle stimulating hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland, not the hypothalamus. B is incorrect because luteinizing hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland, not the hypothalamus. D is incorrect because Leydig cells primarily secrete testosterone, not inhibin.
The Luteinizing hormone acts on the interstitial cells to produce
- A. Androgen
- B. Estrogen
- C. Progestin
- D. Testosterone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Testosterone. The luteinizing hormone acts on the interstitial cells in the testes to stimulate the production of testosterone. Testosterone is a male sex hormone responsible for the development of male reproductive tissues and characteristics. Androgen (choice A) is a broad term that includes testosterone, so it is not specific enough. Estrogen (choice B) and Progestin (choice C) are female sex hormones and are not produced by the interstitial cells in response to luteinizing hormone. Hence, the correct answer is D.
A newborn infant obtains maternal antibodies from the mother's
- A. laguno.
- B. colostrum.
- C. rubell
- D. placent
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: colostrum. Colostrum is the first milk produced by the mother after giving birth. It is rich in antibodies, providing passive immunity to the newborn. This helps protect the infant from infections until its own immune system fully develops.
A: laguno - Not a substance related to maternal antibodies.
C: rubell - Incorrect spelling and not relevant to maternal antibodies.
D: placent - While the placenta does provide nutrients and oxygen to the fetus, it is not the source of maternal antibodies transferred to the newborn.
This tiny gland produces a secretion that is similar to a large lysosome and that cleanses the male urethra of assists penetration of the egg is called traces of acidic urine prior to the ________.
- A. flagellum
- B. prostate
- C. midpiece
- D. bulbo-urethral gland
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: bulbo-urethral gland. This gland produces a clear secretion that neutralizes traces of acidic urine, lubricates the urethra, and assists in sperm motility. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: Flagellum is a structure on sperm cells for propulsion.
B: Prostate produces seminal fluid but does not cleanse the urethra.
C: Midpiece is a part of the sperm cell that contains mitochondria for energy production, not a gland.