Nokea
Women who develop vaginal fungal infections (commonly referred to as yeast infections) usually have a history of having been prescribed antibiotics for bacterial infections. Which component of the epidemiological triangle (agent–host–environment) contributes most to the development of vaginal infections?
- A. Agent
- B. Environment
- C. Host
- D. Agent and host
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is C: Host. Antibiotics disrupt the normal vaginal flora, creating an environment conducive to yeast overgrowth. The host's susceptibility to infection due to altered microbiota is the primary factor in developing vaginal fungal infections. The agent (yeast) and the environment (vaginal environment) play secondary roles. Choice A is incorrect because the yeast is the agent causing the infection, but it is the host's response that determines infection development. Choice B is incorrect because the vaginal environment is affected by antibiotics, but it is the host's response that leads to infection. Choice D is incorrect because while both agent and host are involved, it is the host's susceptibility that is the key factor.
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Historically, community health nurses (CHNs) focused on the care of individuals while viewing the families of individuals as either background resources or possible stressors. Which view of the family did this traditional conceptualization take?
- A. Family as the client
- B. Family as a component of society
- C. Family as the context
- D. Family as a system
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Family as the client. In traditional CHN practice, the focus was on individual care with little regard for the family as a unit of care. By viewing the family as the client, CHNs can address the health needs of the entire family, recognizing that the family unit itself plays a significant role in individual health outcomes. This approach allows for a more holistic and comprehensive understanding of health within the family context. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately represent the traditional conceptualization of the family in CHN practice.
The ability to work with diverse groups is an important skill required in community health nursing. What best defines cohesion, one of the core concepts of working in groups?
- A. Cohesion is anything a member does that makes an intentional contribution to the group's purpose.
- B. Cohesion is the perception of a definite move toward meeting the group's goals and tasks.
- C. Cohesion is encouraging all members to describe the experiences in their families and workplaces that they perceive as relevant.
- D. Cohesion is a measure of attraction between individual members and the group.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because cohesion in a group context refers to the level of connection or bond between individual members and the group as a whole. This attraction is essential for fostering teamwork, communication, and collaboration within the group. When members feel connected and committed to the group, they are more likely to work together effectively towards common goals.
Choice A is incorrect because it focuses on individual contributions to the group's purpose rather than the group's overall unity. Choice B is incorrect as it refers to progress towards goals rather than the interpersonal relationships within the group. Choice C is incorrect as it emphasizes sharing personal experiences rather than the bond between members.
In summary, cohesion is about the sense of belonging, trust, and mutual support among group members, which enhances group effectiveness and productivity.
Which statement made by a parent indicates a need for more education about child abuse?
- A. "I have stopped slapping my child, and I am learning to count to 10 before reacting."
- B. "I never spank or hit my children; I yell at them to stop being stupid, and if they don't, I tell them that the boogeyman will steal them away at night if they don't obey."
- C. "I use 'time out' when my child acts out or is naughty. Sometimes, my child doesn't cope well with this, but I am persistent."
- D. "When my child misbehaves, I distract him and try to focus his attention on other things. If he throws a tantrum, I just pick him up and leave the store or show or wherever we may be."
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the parent's statement indicates emotional abuse through threats of harm and fear tactics. Yelling and using scare tactics like the boogeyman can have long-lasting negative effects on a child's emotional well-being, leading to anxiety and insecurity.
Choice A shows progress in managing anger and using positive discipline techniques. Choice C demonstrates a parent trying to use a common discipline method, although the child's coping difficulties may need further support. Choice D shows a parent using distraction and removal techniques, which are generally considered appropriate strategies for managing tantrums.
What is the primary role of the forensic nurse in Canada?
- A. Health promoter
- B. Disaster planner
- C. Sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE)
- D. Outreach worker
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE). In Canada, forensic nurses specialize in providing care to victims of sexual assault and collecting evidence for legal proceedings. They play a crucial role in ensuring proper documentation and preservation of evidence, providing support to victims, and collaborating with law enforcement. Choice A is incorrect as the primary role of a forensic nurse is not solely focused on health promotion. Choice B is incorrect as disaster planning is not the primary function of a forensic nurse. Choice D is incorrect as outreach work is not the main responsibility of a forensic nurse in Canada.
A community health nurse (CHN) suspects that an elementary school student is being physically abused. Which action would be the most appropriate one for the CHN to take?
- A. Ask the student about the abuse.
- B. Document findings in the student's school record.
- C. Discuss the suspicions of abuse with the student's teachers or the family's spiritual leader.
- D. Notify legal authorities.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Notify legal authorities. This is the most appropriate action for the CHN to take because suspected cases of child abuse must be reported to legal authorities to ensure the safety and well-being of the child. Reporting to legal authorities initiates an official investigation by trained professionals who can assess the situation and take appropriate action to protect the child.
A: Asking the student about the abuse may put the child at risk of further harm if the abuser is present or if the child is not ready to disclose the abuse.
B: Documenting findings in the student's school record is not sufficient to address the immediate safety concerns of the child.
C: Discussing suspicions with teachers or spiritual leaders may not lead to the necessary intervention and protection of the child.
In summary, notifying legal authorities is the most effective and necessary step to ensure the safety of the child in cases of suspected abuse.