Nokea
A student asks the school nurse how acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is diagnosed. Which answer is correct?
- A. AIDS is diagnosed through the negative results of a screening test called an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
- B. Antibodies to HIV, which form in about 6 weeks to 3 months following infection with HIV, are detected in the blood.
- C. Antibodies to HIV reach peak levels of 200/mL of blood.
- D. AIDS is diagnosed through positive ELISA results and clinical signs of AIDS.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because antibodies to HIV are typically detected in the blood within 6 weeks to 3 months after infection, indicating exposure to the virus. This seroconversion period is when the body starts producing antibodies to fight the HIV virus. The presence of these antibodies in the blood is a key indicator of HIV infection, leading to a diagnosis of AIDS.
Choice A is incorrect because a negative ELISA result does not diagnose AIDS, as it only indicates the absence of HIV antibodies. Choice C is incorrect as there is no specific peak level of HIV antibodies required for diagnosis. Choice D is incorrect because a positive ELISA result alone is not sufficient to diagnose AIDS; clinical signs and symptoms must also be present.
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Which public health service best represents primary prevention?
- A. Developing a health education program about the dangers of smoking
- B. Providing a diabetes clinic for adults in low-income neighbourhoods
- C. Providing an influenza vaccination program in a community retirement village
- D. Teaching school-aged children about the positive effects of exercise
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because developing a health education program about the dangers of smoking is an example of primary prevention, which aims to prevent the occurrence of a disease or injury before it occurs. This intervention targets the root cause of the health issue by educating individuals on the harmful effects of smoking and promoting healthy behaviors to reduce the risk of developing smoking-related diseases. Choices B, C, and D represent secondary or tertiary prevention strategies as they focus on providing care or interventions after the disease has already developed or to prevent complications.
What is the best intervention a community health nurse (CHN) can initiate to increase lasting resilience among new immigrants?
- A. Directing clients to English-as-a-second-language courses
- B. Giving immigrant clients money to help them get settled
- C. Identifying areas in the city where housing is less expensive
- D. Soliciting donations for food, clothing, and other needs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because directing clients to English-as-a-second-language courses helps immigrants improve language proficiency, which is crucial for social integration, access to resources, and employment opportunities. Learning English enhances communication skills, self-confidence, and cultural adaptation. This intervention promotes independence and empowerment, fostering lasting resilience.
Incorrect choices:
B: Giving money may provide temporary relief but doesn't address long-term resilience.
C: Identifying cheaper housing doesn't directly enhance resilience without addressing other social determinants.
D: Soliciting donations may meet immediate needs but doesn't build lasting resilience without addressing skill development.
What would be the best choice for the nurse researcher who wishes to identify the long-term benefits and risks of a treatment for hyperlipidemia?
- A. A cross-sectional study
- B. An ecological study
- C. A clinical trial
- D. A retrospective analysis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: A clinical trial. Clinical trials are designed to assess the long-term benefits and risks of a treatment by monitoring participants over an extended period. They involve randomization, control groups, and follow-up assessments, making them ideal for determining treatment effectiveness.
A: A cross-sectional study only provides a snapshot of data at a single point in time and does not track long-term outcomes.
B: An ecological study examines population-level data and may not provide individual-level insights on long-term benefits and risks of a treatment.
D: A retrospective analysis looks at past data and may not adequately capture the long-term effects of a treatment compared to a prospective study like a clinical trial.
Which type of conflict may be experienced when a community health nurse (CHN) who does not personally support abortion is working with a group of teenagers to teach them about sexual health and pregnancy?
- A. Interpersonal conflict
- B. Intrapersonal conflict
- C. Intergroup conflict
- D. Interdisciplinary conflict
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Intergroup conflict. This is because the conflict arises between the CHN who does not support abortion (one group) and the teenagers who may have different views on the topic (another group). The conflict is between two distinct groups with differing beliefs and values.
A: Interpersonal conflict involves conflict between individuals, not groups.
B: Intrapersonal conflict is internal conflict within an individual, not between groups.
D: Interdisciplinary conflict refers to conflict between different disciplines or professions, which is not the case in this scenario.
When a concerned citizen asks the community health nurse (CHN) about environmental health, what definition of environmental health does the CHN provide?
- A. Environmental health is the causative factors invading a susceptible host through an environment favourable to producing disease, such as a biological or chemical agent.
- B. Environmental health is the systematic and ongoing observation and collection of data concerning disease occurrence to describe phenomena and detect changes in frequency or distribution.
- C. Environmental health is the study of the effect of physical, chemical, and biological factors in the external environment on human health.
- D. Environmental health is the achievement of health and wellness and the prevention of illness and injury from exposure to physical or psychosocial environmental hazards.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because it directly defines environmental health as the study of the impact of external factors on human health. Physical, chemical, and biological elements in the environment can influence health outcomes. Choice A focuses on disease causation, not the broader scope of environmental health. Choice B discusses disease surveillance, not the study of environmental factors. Choice D emphasizes achieving health goals, not the study of environmental factors. Therefore, choice C is the most accurate definition of environmental health.