Nokea
A student asks the school nurse how acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is diagnosed. Which answer is correct?
- A. AIDS is diagnosed through the negative results of a screening test called an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
- B. Antibodies to HIV, which form in about 6 weeks to 3 months following infection with HIV, are detected in the blood.
- C. Antibodies to HIV reach peak levels of 200/mL of blood.
- D. AIDS is diagnosed through positive ELISA results and clinical signs of AIDS.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because antibodies to HIV are typically detected in the blood within 6 weeks to 3 months after infection, indicating exposure to the virus. This seroconversion period is when the body starts producing antibodies to fight the HIV virus. The presence of these antibodies in the blood is a key indicator of HIV infection, leading to a diagnosis of AIDS.
Choice A is incorrect because a negative ELISA result does not diagnose AIDS, as it only indicates the absence of HIV antibodies. Choice C is incorrect as there is no specific peak level of HIV antibodies required for diagnosis. Choice D is incorrect because a positive ELISA result alone is not sufficient to diagnose AIDS; clinical signs and symptoms must also be present.
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Which report introduced the concept of health promotion?
- A. Epp Report
- B. Black Report
- C. Lalonde Report
- D. WHO Commission Report on Social Determinants
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Lalonde Report. The Lalonde Report, published in 1974, introduced the concept of health promotion by emphasizing the importance of addressing lifestyle factors and social determinants of health. It shifted the focus from solely treating diseases to promoting overall well-being. The Epp Report (A) focused on prevention and health promotion but was published after the Lalonde Report. The Black Report (B) highlighted health inequalities but did not introduce the concept of health promotion. The WHO Commission Report on Social Determinants (D) focused on addressing social inequalities impacting health but did not specifically introduce the concept of health promotion.
A community health nurse (CHN) suspects that an elementary school student is being physically abused. Which action would be the most appropriate one for the CHN to take?
- A. Ask the student about the abuse.
- B. Document findings in the student's school record.
- C. Discuss the suspicions of abuse with the student's teachers or the family's spiritual leader.
- D. Notify legal authorities.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Notify legal authorities. This is the most appropriate action for the CHN to take because suspected cases of child abuse must be reported to legal authorities to ensure the safety and well-being of the child. Reporting to legal authorities initiates an official investigation by trained professionals who can assess the situation and take appropriate action to protect the child.
A: Asking the student about the abuse may put the child at risk of further harm if the abuser is present or if the child is not ready to disclose the abuse.
B: Documenting findings in the student's school record is not sufficient to address the immediate safety concerns of the child.
C: Discussing suspicions with teachers or spiritual leaders may not lead to the necessary intervention and protection of the child.
In summary, notifying legal authorities is the most effective and necessary step to ensure the safety of the child in cases of suspected abuse.
What was the main reason for the brief existence of the nurse practitioner–model educational program?
- A. Inadequate assessment and planning in the local area
- B. Insufficient provincial/territorial funding
- C. The large number of primary care physicians practising in urban areas
- D. The need for nursing expertise and skills in other practice settings
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the main reason for the brief existence of the nurse practitioner–model educational program was the need for nursing expertise and skills in other practice settings. This is supported by the fact that nurse practitioners were developed to address the gap in healthcare services by providing advanced nursing care in various settings. They were trained to deliver high-quality care, fill the need for primary care providers, and improve access to healthcare services.
A: Inadequate assessment and planning in the local area is not the main reason for the brief existence of the program.
B: Insufficient provincial/territorial funding may have been a contributing factor, but it was not the main reason.
C: The large number of primary care physicians practising in urban areas is not directly related to the existence of the nurse practitioner-model educational program.
A committee of health care professionals would like to establish a district-wide program to improve access to culturally competent health care services for Vietnamese immigrants. Who would be the best person to select as a key informant about this community's needs?
- A. The hospital administrator
- B. A Vietnamese community leader
- C. A national expert on cultural competency
- D. A provincial/territorial or municipal government official
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: A Vietnamese community leader. This individual is the best choice as a key informant because they have firsthand knowledge and understanding of the needs, preferences, and challenges faced by Vietnamese immigrants in the district. They can provide valuable insights into the cultural nuances, barriers to accessing health care services, and specific needs of the community. The hospital administrator may have general knowledge but lacks specific insights into the Vietnamese immigrant community. The national expert on cultural competency may have theoretical knowledge but may not understand the local context. The government official may have a broader perspective but lacks the community-specific knowledge necessary for this program.
Women who develop vaginal fungal infections (commonly referred to as yeast infections) usually have a history of having been prescribed antibiotics for bacterial infections. Which component of the epidemiological triangle (agent–host–environment) contributes most to the development of vaginal infections?
- A. Agent
- B. Environment
- C. Host
- D. Agent and host
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is C: Host. Antibiotics disrupt the normal vaginal flora, creating an environment conducive to yeast overgrowth. The host's susceptibility to infection due to altered microbiota is the primary factor in developing vaginal fungal infections. The agent (yeast) and the environment (vaginal environment) play secondary roles. Choice A is incorrect because the yeast is the agent causing the infection, but it is the host's response that determines infection development. Choice B is incorrect because the vaginal environment is affected by antibiotics, but it is the host's response that leads to infection. Choice D is incorrect because while both agent and host are involved, it is the host's susceptibility that is the key factor.