Nokea
You are investigating the role of physical activity in heart disease, and your data suggest a protective effect. While presenting your findings, a colleague asks whether you have thought about confounders, such as factor X. Under which of the following conditions could this factor have confounded your interpretation of the data?
- A. It is a risk factor for some other disease, but not heart disease.
- B. It is a risk factor associated with the physical activity measure and heart disease.
- C. It is part of the causal pathway by which physical activity affects heart disease.
- D. It has caused a lack of follow-up of test subjects.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A confounder must be associated with both the exposure (physical activity) and the outcome (heart disease), and it should not lie on the causal pathway between them.
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Confidence limit can be calculated by using
- A. Mean and range
- B. Mean standard deviation
- C. Median and range deviation
- D. Median and standard
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Confidence limits are calculated using the mean and standard deviation.
List examples of metallic compounds that pose environmental hazards. What are some examples of health effects thought to be associated with arsenic, mercury, and lead?
- A. Arsenic: cancer; Mercury: neurotoxicity; Lead: developmental delays.
- B. Arsenic: improved digestion; Mercury: enhanced memory; Lead: stronger bones.
- C. Arsenic: weight loss; Mercury: better vision; Lead: faster reflexes.
- D. Arsenic: increased stamina; Mercury: clearer speech; Lead: heightened focus.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Arsenic is carcinogenic, mercury causes neurotoxicity, and lead impairs cognitive development, particularly in children.
Define in your own words the term 'operations research'.
- A. The use of mathematical models to optimize healthcare delivery.
- B. Research focused on surgical procedures.
- C. Studies conducted in hospital operating rooms.
- D. Analysis of clinical trial data.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Operations research involves applying mathematical and analytical methods to optimize complex systems, such as healthcare delivery.
The "Gauli Bridge disaster" is related to
- A. RTA
- B. Silicosis
- C. Nuclear Accident
- D. Asbestosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Gauli Bridge disaster refers to a road traffic accident (RTA) that occurred in Nepal.
Imparts of a table Heading of column is known as:
- A. Caption
- B. Head note
- C. Stabs
- D. None of them
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Captions provide titles or explanations for columns in tables.