Nokea
You are planning a case-control study of lung cancer to test the hypothesis that vegetable consumption is protective against lung cancer. Would you match on smoking? Explain your answer.
- A. Yes, because smoking is a known confounder for lung cancer.
- B. No, because matching on smoking will introduce overmatching.
- C. Yes, because smoking correlates with vegetable consumption.
- D. No, because smoking is unrelated to vegetable consumption.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Smoking is a strong confounder for lung cancer, and matching on smoking helps ensure comparability between cases and controls, preventing spurious associations.
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A wide range of values can be plotted and seen clearly, regardless of magnitude
- A. Arithmetic-scale line graph
- B. Semilogarithmic-scale line graph
- C. Both
- D. Neither
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Semilogarithmic-scale line graphs accommodate wide value ranges effectively.
Ottawa charter 1986 is related to:
- A. Reproductive health
- B. Health promotion
- C. Primary Health care
- D. Population development
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Ottawa Charter is dedicated to promoting health and well-being.
What does routine analysis of notifiable disease data at the state level include?
- A. Number of cases reported this week and during the previous 2-4 weeks.
- B. Number of cases reported this week and during comparable weeks of the previous 2-5 years.
- C. Simultaneous analysis by age, race, and sex of the patient.
- D. Analysis by county.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: County-level analysis helps localize outbreaks or regional differences in disease burden.
Mortality experience is taken into consideration when defining
- A. General fertility rate
- B. Total fertility rate
- C. Net reproduction rate
- D. Gross reproduction rate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) considers mortality experience, as it reflects the average number of daughters a woman would have if she survived through her reproductive years.
Median is almost equivalent to
- A. 25th percentile
- B. 50th percentile
- C. 75th percentile
- D. 10th percentile
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The median corresponds to the 50th percentile, dividing the dataset into halves.