Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology Related

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You have been given a sample of tissue that has open spaces partially filled by an assemblage of needle-like structures. What is the tissue?

  • A. Spongy bone
  • B. Compact bone
  • C. Cartilage
  • D. Adipose tissue
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Spongy bone. Spongy bone tissue has open spaces partially filled by needle-like structures known as trabeculae. This arrangement gives spongy bone its characteristic appearance and provides structural support while reducing the tissue's density. Compact bone, on the other hand, is dense and solid, lacking the open spaces seen in spongy bone. Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue without needle-like structures, and adipose tissue is predominantly composed of fat cells, not needle-like structures.

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What are groups of similar cells called?

  • A. Membrane
  • B. System
  • C. Organ
  • D. Tissue
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Groups of cells with similar structures and functions are called tissues. Tissues work together to perform specific functions in the body, such as muscle contraction, nerve signal transmission, and forming protective barriers. Examples of tissues include muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and epithelial tissue.

A tissue examined under the microscope exhibits the following characteristics: cells found on the internal surface of the stomach, no extracellular matrix, cells tall and thin, and no blood vessels in the tissue. What type of tissue is this?

  • A. Epithelial
  • B. Connective
  • C. Muscle
  • D. Nervous
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Epithelial. Epithelial tissues are made up of closely packed cells that line the surfaces and cavities of the body. The characteristics described in the question, such as cells found on the internal surface of the stomach, tall and thin cells, absence of extracellular matrix, and no blood vessels, are typical of epithelial tissues. These tissues serve functions like protection, absorption, and secretion, making them well-suited for lining organs like the stomach.

Which glands of the skin produce a thin, watery secretion?

  • A. Sebaceous glands
  • B. Eccrine glands
  • C. Apocrine glands
  • D. Endocrine glands
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Eccrine glands are the correct answer. These glands produce a thin, watery secretion known as sweat. The primary function of eccrine glands is to regulate body temperature by releasing sweat that evaporates and cools the body. Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance, apocrine glands release a thicker secretion, and endocrine glands are responsible for hormone secretion.

Which mineral is responsible for regulating fluid balance in the body?

  • A. Chloride
  • B. Sodium
  • C. Calcium
  • D. Magnesium
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Sodium is the mineral responsible for regulating fluid balance in the body. It helps maintain proper hydration levels by controlling the movement of water in and out of cells. Sodium also plays a crucial role in nerve function and muscle contractions. Therefore, maintaining the right balance of sodium is essential for overall health.

Which structure regulates the transport of substances in and out of the cell?

  • A. Cell membrane
  • B. Cell's cytoplasm
  • C. Nuclear membrane
  • D. Plasma membrane
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The plasma membrane, also known as the cell membrane, is responsible for regulating the transport of substances in and out of the cell. It acts as a selective barrier, allowing certain molecules to pass through while blocking others. The cytoplasm is the fluid within the cell, and the nuclear membrane surrounds the nucleus, not involved in regulating substance transport. Therefore, the correct answer is the plasma membrane.

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