Nokea
You must rearrange the room assignment for several clients. Which two clients would be best suited to put in the same room?
- A. A 35-year-old female with copious, intractable diarrhea and vomiting.
- B. A 43-year-old female second day post-operative cholecystectomy.
- C. A 53-year-old female with pain related to alcohol-associated pancreatitis.
- D. A 62-year-old female with colon cancer receiving chemotherapy and radiation.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Post-op and immunocompromised patients should not share a room with someone with an infectious condition. The best match is non-infectious conditions.
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Which of these nutrients is absorbed mainly in the duodenum?
- A. glucose
- B. iron
- C. sodium
- D. water
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: iron. Iron is mainly absorbed in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. Here's the rationale:
1. Duodenum is where iron absorption begins.
2. Iron is absorbed through the duodenal mucosal cells.
3. The acidic environment in the duodenum enhances iron absorption.
4. Other nutrients like glucose are mainly absorbed in the small intestine but not specifically in the duodenum.
5. Sodium and water are primarily absorbed in the small intestine, with water being absorbed throughout the digestive tract.
You have a situation where the hepatopancreatic ampullar sphincter or sphincter of Oddi will not relax. You would expect
- A. chyme not to be released into the stomach.
- B. the feces to contain a much higher percentage of fat than normal.
- C. the feces to contain a much higher percentage of starch and protein than normal.
- D. chyme not to be released into the large intestine.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: the feces to contain a much higher percentage of fat than normal. The hepatopancreatic ampullar sphincter controls the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum to aid in fat digestion. If it does not relax, fat digestion would be impaired, leading to undigested fat in feces. A: Chyme is the semi-liquid mixture of food and digestive juices in the stomach, not affected by this sphincter. C: Starch and protein digestion mainly occur in the stomach and small intestine, not directly influenced by this sphincter. D: Chyme enters the large intestine after passing through the small intestine, not controlled by this sphincter directly.
The portion of a tooth which lies within the mandible socket is called the _____.
- A. dentin
- B. crown
- C. root
- D. cementum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: root. The root of a tooth is the portion that lies within the mandible socket, anchoring the tooth in place. The root helps support the tooth and allows for the transfer of nutrients. Dentin (A) is the hard tissue beneath the enamel, crown (B) is the visible part of the tooth above the gumline, and cementum (D) covers the root surface but is not the portion within the mandible socket.
The secretion of the exocrine pancreas is increased by the following except:
- A. Vagal stimulation
- B. Acetylcholine
- C. Secretin
- D. CCK
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Vagal stimulation. Vagal stimulation does not directly increase the secretion of the exocrine pancreas. Acetylcholine, Secretin, and CCK are known to stimulate pancreatic secretion through various mechanisms. Acetylcholine acts through muscarinic receptors, Secretin is released in response to acidic chyme in the duodenum, and CCK is released in response to fat and proteins in the duodenum, all leading to increased pancreatic enzyme secretion. Vagal stimulation plays a role in the parasympathetic nervous system but does not directly stimulate pancreatic secretion.
The actions of secretin include:
- A. Increased salivary secretion
- B. Relaxation of the oesophageal sphincters
- C. Stimulation of gastric secretion
- D. Stimulation of secretion of bicarbonate by pancreatic duct cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because secretin is a hormone that stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate by pancreatic duct cells. This helps neutralize the acidic chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach. A is incorrect because secretin does not directly affect salivary secretion. B is incorrect because secretin does not relax the esophageal sphincters. C is incorrect because secretin inhibits gastric secretion rather than stimulating it. Therefore, the correct choice is D as it aligns with the physiological role of secretin in pancreatic bicarbonate secretion.