Nokea
Which of the following antibiotics is contraindicated in patients with myasthenia gravis?
- A. Vancomycin
- B. Gentamicin
- C. Daptomycin
- D. Cephalexin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside, worsens neuromuscular blockade in myasthenia gravis, making it contraindicated.
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Which one of the following is a fundamental difference between competitive and noncompetitive antagonist?
- A. Competitive and non competitive work on different receptors
- B. Competitive antagonist reduces agonist potency (increase EC50) and non competitive antagonist reduces agonist efficacy (decrease E max)
- C. There is no difference between them, they are exactly the same
- D. Non competitive antagonist causes an upward shift of the E max while competitive antagonist does the opposite
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Competitive antagonists shift potency (EC50), while noncompetitive reduce efficacy (Emax), a key pharmacological distinction.
Jim is being treated for hypertension. Because he has a history of heart attack, the drug chosen is atenolol. Beta blockers treat hypertension by:
- A. Increasing heart rate to improve cardiac output
- B. Reducing vascular smooth muscle tone
- C. Increasing aldosterone-mediated volume activity
- D. Reducing aqueous humor production
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Beta blockers like atenolol reduce vascular tone and heart rate, lowering blood pressure.
Inhaled corticosteroids in Bronchial Asthma:
- A. Produce modest immediate bronchodilation
- B. Are synergistic with inhaled methacholine
- C. Are antagonized by atropine
- D. Inhibit IgE-antigen binding
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Inhaled corticosteroids reduce inflammation by inhibiting IgE-mediated responses.
The client has a PRN prescription for loperamide hydrochloride (Imodium). The nurse understands that this medication is used for which condition?
- A. Constipation
- B. Abdominal pain
- C. An episode of diarrhea
- D. Hematest-positive nasogastric tube drainage
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Loperamide is an antidiarrheal agent. It is used to manage acute and also chronic diarrhea in conditions such as inflammatory16inflammatory bowel disease. Loperamide also can be used to reduce the volume of drainage from an ileostomy. It is not used for the conditions in options 1, 2, and 4.
Glucocorticoids causes:
- A. Protein catabolism and muscle atrophy
- B. Protein anabolism and increase of muscle mass
- C. Stimulation of growth in children
- D. Decrease of \mathrm{Na}+ reabsorbtion and \mathrm{K}+\mathrm{K}+ excretion
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Glucocorticoids cause protein catabolism and muscle atrophy by breaking down proteins.