Nokea
Which of the following is a rare genetic disorder that affects the lungs, liver, and skin, causing the buildup of a specific protein that damages organs?
- A. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
- B. Cystic fibrosis
- C. Wegener's granulomatosis
- D. Marfan syndrome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is the correct answer. This disorder affects the lungs, liver, and skin due to the buildup of a specific protein (alpha-1 antitrypsin) that damages organs. This deficiency can lead to lung and liver diseases. Cystic fibrosis primarily affects the lungs and digestive system, not the liver and skin. Wegener's granulomatosis is a condition that affects the blood vessels, lungs, and kidneys, not the liver. Marfan syndrome is a connective tissue disorder that affects the heart, blood vessels, bones, and eyes, not the lungs, liver, and skin.
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Which of the following is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by the irreversible obstruction of airflow?
- A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- B. Asthma
- C. Pulmonary edema
- D. Bronchiectasis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction due to conditions such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis. This is because COPD causes damage to the airways and alveoli, leading to decreased airflow. Asthma (B) is a chronic inflammatory disease with reversible airflow obstruction. Pulmonary edema (C) is caused by fluid accumulation in the lungs, leading to difficulty in breathing but is not characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction. Bronchiectasis (D) involves the widening and scarring of the airways, leading to recurrent infections, but it is not specifically characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction.
When administering dobutamine to a client, what is the most important parameter to assess?
- A. Blood pressure
- B. Heart rate
- C. Oxygen saturation
- D. Respiratory rate
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Blood pressure. When administering dobutamine, a medication that increases heart contractility, the most important parameter to assess is blood pressure. This is because dobutamine can cause significant changes in blood pressure, including hypotension or hypertension, which can have serious implications for the client's hemodynamic stability. Monitoring blood pressure allows for timely intervention and adjustment of the medication dosage to ensure optimal cardiovascular function. Heart rate (B), oxygen saturation (C), and respiratory rate (D) are also important parameters to monitor but are not the primary concern when administering dobutamine, as its effects on blood pressure are more critical for patient safety and treatment efficacy.
What procedure involves inserting a needle into the pleural space to remove excess fluid and help the patient breathe more easily?
- A. Thoracentesis
- B. Bronchoscopy
- C. Spirometry
- D. Arterial blood gas (ABG)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Thoracentesis. This procedure involves inserting a needle into the pleural space to drain excess fluid, which can accumulate due to conditions like pleural effusion or pneumonia, helping the patient breathe easier. It's performed under ultrasound guidance, ensuring precise fluid removal without damaging nearby structures. Thoracentesis is a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure, providing fluid for analysis and relieving symptoms of dyspnea.
Summary:
B: Bronchoscopy is a procedure to visualize the airways using a thin, flexible tube and is not used for draining pleural fluid.
C: Spirometry is a lung function test measuring airflow and is not a procedure for removing pleural fluid.
D: Arterial blood gas (ABG) is a blood test to assess oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood and is not related to removing pleural fluid.
The client is being taught about the use of warfarin. What is the most important dietary instruction?
- A. Avoid foods high in vitamin K.
- B. Increase the intake of vitamin K-rich foods.
- C. Avoid foods high in protein.
- D. Increase the intake of foods high in calcium.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Avoid foods high in vitamin K. Warfarin is an anticoagulant that works by inhibiting vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Consuming foods high in vitamin K can interfere with the effectiveness of warfarin. By avoiding these foods, the client can maintain consistent levels of the medication in their system.
Choice B is incorrect as increasing vitamin K-rich foods can counteract the effects of warfarin. Choice C is incorrect as there is no need to avoid foods high in protein when taking warfarin. Choice D is incorrect as increasing calcium intake does not have a direct impact on warfarin therapy.
Which of the following veins is the largest and carries back deoxygenated blood from the tissues in the lower extremities and enters the heart proximally?
- A. Pulmonary artery
- B. Inferior vena cava
- C. Pulmonary vein
- D. Superior vena cava
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The inferior vena cava is the largest vein carrying deoxygenated blood from the lower body into the heart.