Nokea
The client is on dobutamine. Adverse effects of Dobutrex (dobutamine) include the following: Select all that apply.
- A. Heart failure
- B. Bradycardia
- C. Tachycardia
- D. Respiratory distress
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Dobutamine is a beta-1 adrenergic agonist, which increases heart rate.
2. Tachycardia is a common adverse effect due to increased heart rate.
3. Bradycardia is the opposite effect and not expected with dobutamine.
4. Heart failure is a condition that dobutamine is used to treat, not cause.
5. Respiratory distress is not a typical adverse effect of dobutamine.
Summary:
Choice C (Tachycardia) is correct because dobutamine increases heart rate. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because dobutamine does not cause heart failure, bradycardia, or respiratory distress.
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Discuss the strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia.
- A. Oral hygiene
- B. Elevation of head
- C. Both A and B
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Prevention includes maintaining oral hygiene and elevating the head of the bed.
A patient who underwent a percutaneous, transluminal coronary angioplasty four weeks ago has a subsequent ejection fraction of 30%. The patient returns for a follow-up visit. Examination reveals lungs that are clear on auscultation and slight pedal edema. The patient's medications are digoxin (Lanoxin), furosemide (Lasix), enalapril maleate (Vasotec), and aspirin. The patient reports a 5 lb (2.27 kg) weight gain over the past two days. The cardiac-vascular nurse's initial action is to:
- A. document the weight and reassess the patient at the next session.
- B. inquire about the patient's medication compliance.
- C. notify the patient's physician.
- D. review the patient's most recent nuclear scan.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Weight gain and pedal edema suggest fluid retention, so assessing medication compliance is essential.
From where do these originate, behind the cusps of the aortic valve, in an area known as Valsalva's sinus?
- A. Pulmonary valve
- B. Aortic valve
- C. Tricuspid valve
- D. Mitral valve
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is B - Aortic valve. This is because Valsalva's sinus is located behind the cusps of the aortic valve. The sinuses of Valsalva are pouch-like dilations found at the root of the aorta, just above the aortic valve. These sinuses are important in preventing backflow of blood into the heart during diastole. The other choices, A, C, and D, are incorrect because they do not originate from Valsalva's sinus. The pulmonary valve is located in the pulmonary artery, the tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle, and the mitral valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle.
What is a condition where the heart beats too fast, reducing its ability to pump blood effectively?
- A. Tachycardia
- B. Bradycardia
- C. Arrhythmia
- D. Ventricular fibrillation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Tachycardia. Tachycardia is a condition where the heart beats too fast, resulting in reduced effectiveness in pumping blood. This occurs when the heart rate exceeds the normal range, impacting the heart's ability to fill and empty properly. Bradycardia (B) is the opposite, where the heart beats too slowly. Arrhythmia (C) refers to an irregular heartbeat pattern, which may or may not involve a fast heart rate. Ventricular fibrillation (D) is a life-threatening arrhythmia where the heart quivers instead of pumping effectively.
What is the condition where the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart, becomes inflamed, leading to chest pain and other symptoms?
- A. Pericarditis
- B. Myocarditis
- C. Endocarditis
- D. Pulmonary hypertension
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium, causing chest pain.
2. Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle, not the pericardium.
3. Endocarditis is inflammation of the inner lining of the heart chambers.
4. Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in the lungs, unrelated to pericardial inflammation.
In conclusion, pericarditis is the correct answer as it specifically refers to the inflammation of the pericardium, leading to chest pain.