Nokea
Which of the following is not a side effect of loop diuretics?
- A. Alkalosis
- B. Nausea
- C. Hypotension
- D. Potassium deficits
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Nausea. Loop diuretics like furosemide work by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and water in the loop of Henle in the kidneys. This mechanism can lead to electrolyte imbalances, such as potassium deficits (choice D), and volume depletion, resulting in hypotension (choice C). Loop diuretics can also cause metabolic alkalosis (choice A) due to loss of hydrogen ions. Nausea, however, is not a common side effect of loop diuretics. Therefore, choice B is not a side effect of loop diuretics, making it the correct answer.
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Which of the following conditions is not treated with Methotrexate?
- A. Sarcomas
- B. Leukemias
- C. Ectopic pregnancy
- D. Rheumatic fever
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Rheumatic fever. Methotrexate is not typically used to treat rheumatic fever as it is an autoimmune inflammatory condition, not typically responsive to Methotrexate. Methotrexate is commonly used to treat sarcomas, leukemias, and ectopic pregnancies due to its ability to inhibit cell proliferation. Sarcomas and leukemias are types of cancers, while ectopic pregnancy is a condition where a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus.
Which of the following is the antidote for benzodiazepine toxicity?
- A. Flumazenil
- B. Methylene blue
- C. Deferoxamine
- D. Alkalinize urine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Flumazenil. Flumazenil is a specific benzodiazepine receptor antagonist that can reverse the effects of benzodiazepine toxicity by competitively inhibiting the binding of benzodiazepines to their receptors. It works by reversing the sedative and respiratory depressant effects of benzodiazepines. Methylene blue (B) is used to treat methemoglobinemia, not benzodiazepine toxicity. Deferoxamine (C) is used for iron toxicity. Alkalinizing urine (D) is used to enhance the excretion of weak acids in the urine, not for benzodiazepine toxicity.
Which of the following conditions is not typically treated with Hydrochlorothiazide?
- A. CHF
- B. HTN
- C. Nephritis
- D. Hypercalciuria
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic commonly used to treat hypertension (HTN) and congestive heart failure (CHF) by reducing blood volume and lowering blood pressure. Nephritis is an inflammatory condition of the kidneys, not typically treated with Hydrochlorothiazide as it may worsen kidney function. Hypercalciuria, excessive calcium in the urine, can be managed with Hydrochlorothiazide as it helps reduce calcium excretion. Therefore, the correct answer is C (Nephritis), as it is not typically treated with Hydrochlorothiazide due to its potential impact on kidney function.
Which of the following is not a side effect associated with Prednisone toxicity?
- A. Cataracts
- B. Hypotension
- C. Psychosis
- D. Acne
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hypotension. Prednisone toxicity typically causes hypertension, not hypotension. Prednisone can lead to increased blood pressure due to its sodium-retaining effects. Cataracts (A), Psychosis (C), and Acne (D) are all known side effects of Prednisone toxicity. Cataracts can form due to long-term steroid use, psychosis can occur especially at higher doses, and acne is a common skin side effect. Therefore, hypotension is the odd one out among the choices given.
Which of the following drugs is associated with the reaction of Cinchonism?
- A. Valproic acid
- B. Quinidine
- C. Isoniazid
- D. Ethosuximide
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Quinidine. Cinchonism is a condition caused by the toxicity of Cinchona alkaloids, which are found in drugs like quinine and quinidine. Quinidine is specifically known to cause symptoms of cinchonism such as tinnitus, headache, blurred vision, and nausea. Valproic acid (choice A) is an anticonvulsant, not associated with cinchonism. Isoniazid (choice C) is an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis and does not cause cinchonism. Ethosuximide (choice D) is an anticonvulsant used to treat absence seizures and is not linked to cinchonism.