Nokea
Potassium-sparing diuretics primarily affect which part of the kidney?
- A. Proximal convoluted tubule
- B. Loop of Henle
- C. Collecting duct
- D. Distal convoluted tubule
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Distal convoluted tubule. Potassium-sparing diuretics, such as spironolactone, act on the distal convoluted tubule by blocking the aldosterone receptor, which leads to decreased sodium reabsorption and potassium retention. This mechanism helps to promote diuresis while preventing potassium loss. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because potassium-sparing diuretics do not primarily affect the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, or collecting duct in the kidney.
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Which of the following is not directly related to drug toxicity of Nitroglycerin?
- A. Headaches
- B. Tachycardia
- C. Dizziness
- D. Projectile vomiting
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Projectile vomiting. Nitroglycerin is not directly associated with causing projectile vomiting. Nitroglycerin commonly causes headaches due to vasodilation, tachycardia due to decreased preload, and dizziness due to hypotension. Projectile vomiting is not a typical side effect of Nitroglycerin toxicity.
Which of the following is not an effect of the drug isoflurane?
- A. Elevated lipid levels
- B. Nausea
- C. Increased blood flow to the brain
- D. Decreased respiratory function
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Elevated lipid levels. Isoflurane does not cause elevated lipid levels. Isoflurane is a general anesthetic that primarily affects the central nervous system, leading to effects like decreased respiratory function and increased blood flow to the brain. Nausea can also be a side effect of isoflurane due to its impact on the gastrointestinal system. However, there is no direct link between isoflurane and elevated lipid levels. Thus, choice A is the correct answer.
Which of the following is not a side effect of the cholinoreceptor blocker (Atropine)?
- A. Increased pulse
- B. Diarrhea
- C. Constipation
- D. Mydriasis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Diarrhea. Atropine, a cholinoreceptor blocker, inhibits acetylcholine, causing decreased GI motility leading to constipation. Atropine also increases pulse rate due to reduced vagal tone (A). It causes mydriasis by blocking cholinergic receptors in the eye (D). Diarrhea is not a typical side effect of atropine due to its anticholinergic properties.
Which of the following conditions is not treated with Methotrexate?
- A. Sarcomas
- B. Leukemias
- C. Ectopic pregnancy
- D. Rheumatic fever
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Rheumatic fever. Methotrexate is not typically used to treat rheumatic fever as it is an autoimmune inflammatory condition, not typically responsive to Methotrexate. Methotrexate is commonly used to treat sarcomas, leukemias, and ectopic pregnancies due to its ability to inhibit cell proliferation. Sarcomas and leukemias are types of cancers, while ectopic pregnancy is a condition where a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus.
Which of the following is the antidote for Heparin toxicity?
- A. Protamine
- B. Methylene blue
- C. N-acetylcysteine
- D. Glucagon
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Protamine is the antidote for Heparin toxicity because it binds to Heparin and forms a stable complex, neutralizing its anticoagulant effects. Protamine sulfate is positively charged, while Heparin is negatively charged, allowing them to bind effectively. Methylene blue is used to treat methemoglobinemia, not Heparin toxicity. N-acetylcysteine is used for acetaminophen overdose, and Glucagon is used for beta-blocker overdose.