Nokea
Intravenous furosemide is an alternative potent diuretic to Mannitol in the * treatment of the following condition:
- A. Cardiac edema
- B. Cerebral edema
- C. Cirrhotic edema
- D. Pulmonary edema
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale: Mannitol is typically used for cerebral edema due to its osmotic diuretic properties that reduce intracranial pressure. Furosemide is a loop diuretic commonly used for conditions like pulmonary edema. Therefore, intravenous furosemide is an alternative potent diuretic to Mannitol in the treatment of cerebral edema.
Summary:
A: Cardiac edema - Loop diuretics like furosemide are commonly used in cardiac edema, not Mannitol.
C: Cirrhotic edema - Loop diuretics are used in cirrhotic edema, but Mannitol is not typically indicated.
D: Pulmonary edema - Furosemide is commonly used in pulmonary edema, but Mannitol is not indicated for this condition.
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Cloxacillin is indicated in infections caused by the following organism(s):
- A. Staphylococci
- B. Streptococci
- C. Gonococci
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cloxacillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic effective against Staphylococci. Staphylococci commonly cause skin and soft tissue infections. Streptococci are not typically treated with cloxacillin. Gonococci are not susceptible to cloxacillin. Therefore, the correct answer is A, as it is the only organism listed that is indicated for treatment with cloxacillin.
Which of the following diuretics than can cause gynecomastia, hirsutism and menstrual disturbances as adverse reactions?
- A. Hydrochlorothiazide
- B. Bumetanide
- C. Acetazolamide
- D. Spironolactone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic that acts as an aldosterone antagonist.
2. Aldosterone antagonism can lead to anti-androgenic effects, causing gynecomastia and hirsutism in males and menstrual disturbances in females.
3. Hydrochlorothiazide (A) is a thiazide diuretic known for electrolyte imbalances, not these specific side effects.
4. Bumetanide (B) is a loop diuretic that primarily affects electrolytes, not causing hormonal side effects.
5. Acetazolamide (C) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, usually associated with metabolic acidosis, not hormonal disturbances.
Summary:
Spironolactone (D) is the correct answer due to its aldosterone antagonist properties causing hormonal side effects. The other choices do not have the same mechanism of action and are not associated with gynecomastia,
A patient has had three pregnancies and two live births. The nurse would record this information as gravida _____, para _____, AB _____
- A. 2; 2; 1
- B. 3; 2; 0
- C. 3; 2; 1
- D. 3; 3; 1
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 3; 2; 1. Gravida refers to the total number of pregnancies, including the current one. As the patient has had three pregnancies, the gravida is 3. Para indicates the number of live births, so since the patient has had two live births, the para is 2. AB represents the number of abortions or miscarriages, which is 1 in this case. Therefore, the correct way to record this patient's obstetric history is gravida 3, para 2, AB 1.
Choice A (2; 2; 1) is incorrect because the patient has had three pregnancies, not two. Choice B (3; 2; 0) is incorrect as it does not account for the abortion/miscarriage that occurred. Choice D (3; 3; 1) is also incorrect because the patient has had two live births, not three.
For which patient with incontinence would a bladder-training program be an appropriate intervention?
- A. The patient with functional incontinence due to mental status changes
- B. The patient with stress incontinence due to weakened bladder neck support
- C. The patient with urge incontinence and abnormal detrusor muscle contractions
- D. The patient with transient incontinence due to inability to get to toileting facilities
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: the patient with urge incontinence and abnormal detrusor muscle contractions. Bladder training is an appropriate intervention for this patient because it aims to increase the bladder capacity and decrease the frequency of abnormal contractions. The program involves scheduled voiding and delaying urination to gradually increase the time between bathroom visits. This helps to retrain the bladder muscles and improve control over urination.
A: Functional incontinence due to mental status changes is not typically addressed through bladder training.
B: Stress incontinence due to weakened bladder neck support is better treated with pelvic floor exercises and lifestyle modifications.
D: Transient incontinence due to inability to get to toileting facilities requires environmental modifications and timed toileting, not bladder training.
Clavulanic acid is combined with amoxicillin because:
- A. It inhibits beta lactamases that destroy amoxicillin
- B. It prevents renal excretion of amoxicillin
- C. It destroy bacteria that are not destroyed by amoxicillin
- D. It counteracts the adverse effects of amoxicillin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor that protects amoxicillin from being destroyed by beta-lactamases produced by certain bacteria. This allows amoxicillin to effectively kill the bacteria. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because clavulanic acid does not affect renal excretion, directly destroy bacteria, or counteract adverse effects of amoxicillin.