Nokea
Which structure is located where the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm?
- A. esophageal hiatus
- B. cardiac orifice
- C. upper esophageal sphincter
- D. lower esophageal sphincter
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: esophageal hiatus. This is the opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes, connecting the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The esophageal hiatus is specifically located at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Cardiac orifice refers to the opening of the stomach into the esophagus, not where the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm.
C: Upper esophageal sphincter is a muscular valve at the upper end of the esophagus, not related to its passage through the diaphragm.
D: Lower esophageal sphincter is located at the junction of the esophagus and stomach, not at the point where the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm.
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What is the function of bile salts?
- A. emulsifying fats
- B. breaking down carbohydrates
- C. activating pepsin
- D. digesting proteins
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: emulsifying fats. Bile salts help emulsify fats by breaking them into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for enzymes to act upon during digestion. This aids in the absorption of fats in the small intestine. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because bile salts do not have a direct role in breaking down carbohydrates (choice B), activating pepsin (choice C), or digesting proteins (choice D). These functions are carried out by other digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract.
What occurs during swallowing?
- A. All the processes of Deglutition are under voluntary control.
- B. The vocal folds are relaxed allowing the food to travel down the oesophagus
- C. The swallowing centre located within the medulla oblongata inhibits the medullary respiratory centre
- D. The food bolus travels down the oesophagus due to gravity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because during swallowing, the swallowing center in the medulla oblongata inhibits the medullary respiratory center to prevent aspiration. This coordination ensures that breathing is temporarily halted to prevent food or liquid from entering the airway. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because not all processes of deglutition are under voluntary control, the vocal folds actually close to protect the airway during swallowing, and the movement of the food bolus down the esophagus is facilitated by peristalsis rather than gravity.
A filling defect on a barium examination of the gastrointestinal tract means:
- A. the lumen is locally dilated or there is an outpouching
- B. something protruding into the lumen displaces the barium
- C. both
- D. neither
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because a filling defect on a barium examination indicates that something is protruding into the lumen, displacing the barium. This means there is an abnormality or mass present that prevents the barium from flowing uniformly. Choice A is incorrect because a filling defect does not necessarily indicate local dilation or outpouching. Choice C is incorrect because it combines both A and B, which is not always the case. Choice D is incorrect as there is indeed something causing the barium to be displaced in the lumen.
Which of these cells in the stomach secrete mucus?
- A. parietal cells
- B. chief cells
- C. mucous neck cells
- D. enteroendocrine cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: mucous neck cells. These cells secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining from the acidic environment and aid in lubrication. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid, chief cells secrete pepsinogen, and enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones like gastrin. Mucous neck cells are specifically responsible for mucus secretion in the stomach, making them the correct choice.
Jason, a 22 y.o. accident victim, requires an NG tube for feeding. What should you immediately do after inserting an NG tube for liquid enteral feedings?
- A. Aspirate for gastric secretions with a syring
- C. Begin feeding slowly to prevent cramping.
- D. Get an X-ray of the tip of the tube within 24 hours.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because aspirating for gastric secretions ensures proper tube placement in the stomach, reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonia. Choice B is irrelevant and doesn't address the immediate post-insertion step. Choice C is incorrect as starting feeding immediately can lead to complications if the tube is not in the correct position. Choice D is incorrect as X-ray verification is not needed immediately after insertion.