Nokea
Which of the following cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen?
- A. parietal cells
- B. chief cells
- C. mucous neck cells
- D. enteroendocrine cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: chief cells. Chief cells are responsible for secreting pepsinogen in the stomach. Pepsinogen is an inactive form of pepsin, which is an enzyme that helps in protein digestion. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid, not pepsinogen. Mucous neck cells secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining. Enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones like gastrin, but not pepsinogen. Therefore, the correct answer is B as chief cells are the specific cells that secrete pepsinogen in the stomach.
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CCK:
- A. increases gastric secretion.
- B. inhibits the stomach motility.
- C. inhibits pancreatic enzyme secretion.
- D. increases pancreatic secretions rich in bicarbonate.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: CCK (Cholecystokinin) is released in response to the presence of fats and proteins in the small intestine.
Step 2: CCK inhibits stomach motility to allow enough time for the gallbladder to release bile.
Step 3: This slowing down of stomach motility aids in the digestion and absorption of fats.
Step 4: Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as CCK does not directly affect gastric secretion, pancreatic enzyme secretion, or increase pancreatic secretions rich in bicarbonate.
Which patient is at highest risk for having a gastric ulcer?
- A. 55-year-old female, smoker, with nausea and vomiting
- B. 45-year-old female admitted for illicit drug detoxification
- C. 37-year-old male, smoker, who fell while looking for a job
- D. 27-year old male who is being divorced and has back pain
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because a 55-year-old female who is a smoker and experiencing symptoms of nausea and vomiting has multiple risk factors for developing a gastric ulcer. Smoking and older age are established risk factors for gastric ulcers. Nausea and vomiting can be indicative of underlying gastrointestinal issues.
Choice B is less likely as illicit drug use typically does not directly increase the risk of gastric ulcers.
Choice C is less likely as the male falling while looking for a job does not directly relate to gastric ulcer development.
Choice D is less likely as divorce and back pain are not direct risk factors for gastric ulcers.
During the gastric phase of digestion
- A. There is neural stimulation only
- B. There is decreased contractility
- C. The bolus composition is detected by chemoreceptors
- D. It only takes minutes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Gastric phase starts when food enters the stomach.
2. Chemoreceptors detect bolus composition to initiate gastric secretions.
3. This detection triggers release of gastric juices for digestion.
4. Neural stimulation also occurs during gastric phase, but not exclusively.
5. Contractility increases during gastric phase for mixing and churning.
In summary, choice C is correct as chemoreceptors detect bolus composition during the gastric phase, while the other choices are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the physiological processes during this phase.
If you suck on a plain piece of bread, it will begin to taste sweet after a few moments. Saliva contains the digestive enzyme ______ which breaks down starch into ______.
- A. amylase; glucose
- B. pepsin; maltose
- C. amylase, maltose
- D. maltase, glucose
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: amylase, maltose. Amylase is the digestive enzyme present in saliva that breaks down starch into maltose. When you suck on bread, the amylase in saliva starts breaking down the starch molecules into maltose, which is a sugar that tastes sweet. Option A is incorrect because amylase breaks down starch into maltose, not glucose. Option B is incorrect because pepsin is a stomach enzyme that breaks down proteins, not starch. Option D is incorrect because maltase is an enzyme in the small intestine that breaks down maltose into glucose, not the enzyme present in saliva.
Which hormone stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas?
- A. Insulin
- B. Glucagon
- C. Secretin
- D. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Cholecystokinin (CCK). CCK is produced in the small intestine in response to the presence of fats and proteins. It stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas to aid in digestion. Insulin (A) and Glucagon (B) are involved in regulating blood sugar levels, not digestive enzyme release. Secretin (C) primarily stimulates the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas to neutralize stomach acid, not digestive enzymes.