Nokea
Food and drink are prevented from entering the respiratory passageways during swallowing by means of the
- A. glottis.
- B. pharynx.
- C. epiglottis.
- D. larynx.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: epiglottis. During swallowing, the epiglottis covers the opening of the larynx to prevent food and drink from entering the respiratory passageways. It acts as a lid that directs food and liquids to the esophagus instead of the trachea. The glottis (choice A) is the space between the vocal cords, the pharynx (choice B) is the passageway for food and air, and the larynx (choice D) contains the vocal cords. The epiglottis specifically functions to protect the airway during swallowing.
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The nurse advises the parents of a child who is in status asthmaticus that if not corrected, the result could be:
- A. Pneumothorax, severe hypoxemia, and respiratory arrest.
- B. Hypertension, CVA, and cardiac arrest.
- C. Respiratory alkalosis, pneumonia, and death.
- D. Lung abscess, cor pulmonale, and respiratory failure.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because status asthmaticus can lead to pneumothorax due to increased air trapping, severe hypoxemia from impaired gas exchange, and respiratory arrest from respiratory muscle fatigue. Pneumothorax can occur due to increased intrathoracic pressure during an asthma attack. Hypertension, CVA, and cardiac arrest (choice B) are not typical complications of status asthmaticus. Respiratory alkalosis, pneumonia, and death (choice C) are less likely outcomes compared to the severe complications mentioned in choice A. Lung abscess, cor pulmonale, and respiratory failure (choice D) are not directly associated with the pathophysiology of status asthmaticus.
How does the pressure 'P4' at label '4' compare to the pressure 'P5' at label '5'?
- A. P4 is higher than P5 during inhalation and then lower during exhalation
- B. P4 is always higher than P5
- C. P4 is always lower than P5
- D. P4 always equals P5
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because pressure decreases as air moves from a region of higher pressure to lower pressure. At label '4', the air pressure is higher due to inhalation, and at label '5', the pressure is lower as air exits during exhalation. Therefore, P4 is always lower than P5. Choices A and B are incorrect because pressure dynamics change during inhalation and exhalation. Choice D is incorrect as pressure imbalances exist during breathing.
Which of the body systems listed below cooperate to supply O2 to cells and eliminate CO2? 1) digestive system 2) cardiovascular system 3) urinary system 4) respiratory system 5) endocrine system
- A. 3, 5
- B. 2, 4
- C. 1, 2
- D. 1, 2, 2004
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (2, 4) - cardiovascular system and respiratory system. The cardiovascular system transports O2 from the lungs to the cells and carries CO2 away for elimination by the respiratory system. The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange, bringing O2 into the body and removing CO2. The other choices are incorrect because:
A (3, 5) - The urinary system (3) filters waste from the blood and maintains fluid balance, while the endocrine system (5) regulates hormones and metabolism; neither directly supply O2 or eliminate CO2.
C (1, 2) - The digestive system (1) processes food and absorbs nutrients, not involved in gas exchange; the cardiovascular system (2) does cooperate but alone is not sufficient.
D (1, 2, 2004) - Choice 2004 is incorrect as it is not a valid option.
Expiration involves
- A. Relaxation of diaphragm and intercostals muscles
- B. Contraction of diaphragm and intercostals muscles
- C. Contraction of diaphragm muscles
- D. Contraction of inter costal muscles
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because expiration involves the relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. During expiration, the diaphragm moves up and the intercostal muscles relax, causing the thoracic cavity to decrease in volume. This increase in pressure forces air out of the lungs. Choice B is incorrect as it describes the process of inspiration, not expiration. Choice C is incorrect because expiration involves both the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, not just the diaphragm muscles. Choice D is incorrect as the intercostal muscles also relax during expiration, rather than contracting.
Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in?
- A. pulmonary ventilation
- B. production of pulmonary surfactant
- C. resistance
- D. surface tension
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: pulmonary ventilation. Atmospheric pressure plays a crucial role in pulmonary ventilation by creating a pressure gradient that allows air to flow into and out of the lungs during inhalation and exhalation. When the atmospheric pressure is higher than the pressure inside the lungs, air moves in (inhalation); when the pressure inside the lungs is higher, air moves out (exhalation).
Summary of why the other choices are incorrect:
B: Production of pulmonary surfactant is not directly influenced by atmospheric pressure. Pulmonary surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli to prevent collapse.
C: Resistance in the respiratory system is mainly influenced by airway diameter and elasticity of the lungs, not atmospheric pressure.
D: Surface tension in the alveoli is affected by pulmonary surfactant, not atmospheric pressure.