Nokea
Tuberculosis in man is caused by
- A. A type of bacteria
- B. A virus
- C. A protozon
- D. Malnutrition
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: A type of bacteria. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a type of bacteria. This bacterium infects the lungs and can spread to other parts of the body. The other choices (B: A virus, C: A protozoan, D: Malnutrition) are incorrect because tuberculosis is specifically caused by a bacterial infection, not a virus, protozoan, or malnutrition. Bacteria can be identified through specific staining techniques and culture methods, distinguishing them from viruses and protozoa. Malnutrition is a risk factor for developing tuberculosis but is not the direct cause of the disease.
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The patient with sleep apnea is fitted with a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask and asks the nurse how this device will help. How should the nurse respond?
- A. The device delivers constant positive pressure to keep your airway open.
- B. The device will require you to be intubated to open your airway.
- C. The device delivers oxygen only when you are apneic.
- D. The device delivers negative pressure to stimulate your respirations.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because a CPAP mask delivers a constant positive pressure to keep the airway open during sleep, preventing airway collapse and interruptions in breathing. This helps improve oxygenation and reduce the frequency of apnea episodes. Choice B is incorrect as intubation is not required with CPAP. Choice C is incorrect as CPAP does not deliver oxygen, it only provides pressurized air. Choice D is incorrect as CPAP delivers positive pressure, not negative pressure, to support breathing.
Following assessment of a patient with pneumonia, the nurse identifies a nursing diagnosis of impaired gas exchange based on which finding?
- A. SpO of 86%
- B. Crackles in both lower lobes
- C. Temperature of 101.4ºF (38.6ºC)
- D. Production of greenish purulent sputum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Impaired gas exchange is indicated by a low SpO2 level, in this case 86%, which suggests inadequate oxygenation. Crackles, temperature, and sputum production are important assessments but do not directly indicate impaired gas exchange.
A black client with asthma seeks emergency care for acute respiratory distress. Because of this client's dark skin, the nurse should assess for cyanosis by inspecting the:
- A. Lips
- B. Mucous membranes
- C. Nail beds
- D. Earlobes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mucous membranes. Cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes, is an important sign of respiratory distress. In individuals with dark skin, cyanosis may be more easily detected in the mucous membranes, such as the lips and oral mucosa, compared to the skin. The lips (choice A), nail beds (choice C), and earlobes (choice D) may not always show cyanosis clearly in individuals with darker skin tones. Therefore, assessing the mucous membranes is the best option for identifying cyanosis accurately in this scenario.
The ________ inhibit the apneustic centers and promote passive or active exhalation.
- A. DRG
- B. VRG
- C. pneumotaxic centers
- D. LRG
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: pneumotaxic centers. The pneumotaxic centers are located in the pons and regulate the rate and depth of breathing by inhibiting the apneustic centers in the medulla. This inhibition helps to promote passive or active exhalation.
A: DRG (dorsal respiratory group) is responsible for the initiation of inspiration.
B: VRG (ventral respiratory group) is involved in both inspiration and expiration.
D: LRG is not a recognized respiratory center in the brainstem.
In summary, the pneumotaxic centers play a crucial role in regulating breathing by inhibiting the apneustic centers, leading to exhalation.
Food and drink are prevented from entering the respiratory passageways during swallowing by means of the
- A. glottis.
- B. pharynx.
- C. epiglottis.
- D. larynx.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: epiglottis. During swallowing, the epiglottis covers the opening of the larynx to prevent food and drink from entering the respiratory passageways. It acts as a lid that directs food and liquids to the esophagus instead of the trachea. The glottis (choice A) is the space between the vocal cords, the pharynx (choice B) is the passageway for food and air, and the larynx (choice D) contains the vocal cords. The epiglottis specifically functions to protect the airway during swallowing.