Adaptive Immune System Quizlet

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A patient in Russell traction with a Pearson attachment for a fracture of the tibia complains of intense pain at the fracture site. The nurse assesses a temperature of 102° F and increased swelling at the fracture site. Which complication do these findings suggest?

  • A. Osteomyelitis
  • B. Fat embolism
  • C. Traction misalignment
  • D. Nonunion of the fracture
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Osteomyelitis. The combination of intense pain, increased swelling, elevated temperature, and presence of traction indicates an infection in the bone, suggesting osteomyelitis. This serious complication requires prompt treatment with antibiotics.

Incorrect choices:
B: Fat embolism - This typically presents with respiratory distress, petechiae, and neurological changes, not with localized pain and swelling.
C: Traction misalignment - This would cause a change in the alignment of the fracture but would not typically present with fever and localized signs of infection.
D: Nonunion of the fracture - Nonunion is a failure of the bone to heal, which would not typically present with the acute signs of infection seen in this case.

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Which of the following bacteria are individuals with complement deficiencies more susceptible to?

  • A. Escherichia coli
  • B. Haemophilus influenzae
  • C. Staphylococcus aureus
  • D. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Individuals with complement deficiencies are more susceptible to encapsulated bacteria. Haemophilus influenzae is an encapsulated bacterium, making it the correct choice. The complement system plays a crucial role in opsonization and killing of encapsulated bacteria. Escherichia coli (choice A) is not an encapsulated bacterium, so complement deficiency doesn't significantly increase susceptibility. Staphylococcus aureus (choice C) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (choice D) are also not encapsulated bacteria, therefore complement deficiencies do not have a direct impact on susceptibility to these pathogens.

What is the central component of the complement system?

  • A. C1
  • B. C2
  • C. C3
  • D. C5
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: C3. C3 is the central component of the complement system as it plays a crucial role in both the classical and alternative pathways by forming the C3 convertase enzyme. This enzyme initiates the cascade of reactions leading to opsonization, chemotaxis, and cell lysis. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as C1 is the initiator of the classical pathway, C2 is involved in the formation of the C3 convertase, and C5 is necessary for the formation of the membrane attack complex.

The major role of the complement system is to work in conjunction with

  • A. antibodies to lyse cells via the C8 and C9 components
  • B. the major histocompatibility complex for cell recognition
  • C. antibodies to opsonize cells
  • D. the T-cell receptor for production of lymphokines
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: The complement system is a group of proteins that enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens. Choice A is correct because the C8 and C9 components of the complement system form the membrane attack complex which lyses cells. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the complement system primarily functions independently of the major histocompatibility complex, antibodies for opsonization, and T-cell receptor for lymphokine production.

Examples of disease-modifying drugs used to treat autoimmune disease include

  • A. Corticosteroids
  • B. Aspirin
  • C. Anti-TNF-α
  • D. C-cell depleting agents
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice C (Anti-TNF-α) is correct:
1. Anti-TNF-α drugs target specific molecules involved in autoimmune responses.
2. By inhibiting TNF-α, these drugs reduce inflammation and slow disease progression.
3. This makes them disease-modifying, as they alter the course of the autoimmune disease.

Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A: Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory but not disease-modifying in autoimmune diseases.
B: Aspirin is primarily used for pain relief and reducing inflammation, not modifying the disease.
D: C-cell depleting agents are not commonly used for autoimmune diseases and do not target TNF-α.

The researcher that postulated the existence of 'pattern recognition receptors' on innate cells was:

  • A. Susumu Tonegawa
  • B. Ilya Metchnikoff
  • C. Charles Janeway
  • D. Ralph Steinman
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Charles Janeway. He proposed the existence of pattern recognition receptors on innate cells in the 1980s, leading to the development of the concept of innate immunity. Janeway's hypothesis revolutionized our understanding of immune responses by emphasizing the role of pattern recognition in detecting pathogens. Tonegawa is known for his work on immune diversity; Metchnikoff discovered phagocytes; and Steinman identified dendritic cells. Janeway's contribution to immunology specifically focuses on pattern recognition receptors, making him the correct choice for this question.

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