Nokea
The earliest event of an inflammatory response is
- A. Release of chemokines
- B. Recruitment of neutrophils
- C. Activation of adaptive immunity
- D. Activation of TLRs
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Activation of TLRs. The earliest event in an inflammatory response is the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This triggers a signaling cascade leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which then recruit neutrophils to the site of infection. Activation of adaptive immunity (choice C) occurs later in the immune response, as it involves the activation of T and B cells. While chemokines (choice A) are involved in recruiting immune cells, their release is a consequence of TLR activation. Neutrophils (choice B) are recruited after the release of chemokines.
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The nurse is caring for a patient with an infection. Which immunoglobulin should the nurse understand is produced first when an infection occurs?
- A. IgD
- B. IgE
- C. IgG
- D. IgM
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why IgM is the correct answer:
1. IgM is the first immunoglobulin produced in response to an infection.
2. It is the largest immunoglobulin and is effective in agglutinating pathogens.
3. IgM activates the complement system to enhance immune response.
4. IgG is produced later in the immune response and provides long-term immunity.
5. IgD and IgE have specific roles but are not the initial immunoglobulins produced in response to infection.
What is the primary advantage of Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?
- A. They are highly specific to individual pathogens
- B. They recognize common molecular patterns shared by groups of microbes
- C. They activate B cell antibody production
- D. They require antigen presentation to function
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize common molecular patterns shared by groups of microbes, allowing for rapid detection of a wide range of pathogens. This recognition triggers immune responses without the need for prior exposure to the specific pathogen. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: TLRs are not highly specific to individual pathogens but rather recognize common patterns.
C: TLRs do not directly activate B cell antibody production; they initiate immune responses by activating various immune cells.
D: TLRs do not require antigen presentation to function; they directly recognize microbial patterns.
What determines a cell's response to a specific cytokine?
- A. The amount of antigen present
- B. The type of pathogen encountered
- C. The specific cytokine receptors expressed on the cell
- D. The tissue location of the immune cell
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because a cell's response to a specific cytokine is determined by the specific cytokine receptors expressed on the cell. Cytokine receptors are proteins on the cell surface that bind to specific cytokines, triggering intracellular signaling pathways that lead to various cellular responses. The amount of antigen present (A) is related to the initiation of the immune response but not the cell's response to cytokines. The type of pathogen encountered (B) may influence the overall immune response but not the specific response to cytokines. The tissue location of the immune cell (D) can affect the types of cytokines present in the microenvironment but does not directly determine the cell's response to a specific cytokine.
Which part of an antibody determines its antigen specificity?
- A. Fc fragment
- B. Fab region
- C. Heavy chain constant region
- D. Light chain constant region
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Fab region. The Fab region of an antibody contains the antigen-binding site, where specific interactions with antigens occur. This region is formed by the variable regions of both the heavy and light chains. The Fc fragment (choice A) is responsible for effector functions, not antigen specificity. The heavy chain constant region (choice C) and light chain constant region (choice D) are not involved in antigen binding, but rather provide structural support and determine the antibody class. Therefore, the Fab region is crucial for antigen specificity due to its variable regions that directly interact with antigens.
Which of the following is the main reason why older clients with AIDS need more care than their younger counterparts?
- A. Because older clients lack in balanced diet and activity
- B. Because older clients lack knowledge about disorders
- C. Because older clients have a faster progression of disease
- D. Because older clients do not generally adhere to a therapy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Older clients with AIDS often experience a faster progression of the disease due to age-related declines in immune function.