Nokea
Which of the following complement components mediate inflammation?
- A. C3b
- B. C3a, C4a, and C5a
- C. C5b
- D. C1q
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (C3a, C4a, and C5a) because these complement components are known as anaphylatoxins that mediate inflammation by inducing vasodilation, increasing vascular permeability, and recruiting immune cells. C3b (choice A) is involved in opsonization, not inflammation. C5b (choice C) is part of the membrane attack complex for cell lysis. C1q (choice D) initiates the classical complement pathway, but it does not directly mediate inflammation.
You may also like to solve these questions
Therapy for autoimmune diseases does NOT include
- A. Immuno-suppressive drugs such as cortisone
- B. Aspirin
- C. Anti-TNF therapy
- D. Anti-CD20
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (E):
E: Surgery is the correct answer. Surgery is not typically used as a primary therapy for autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases are usually treated with medications such as immuno-suppressive drugs (A), anti-inflammatory drugs (B), and targeted therapies like anti-TNF (C) and anti-CD20 (D) to manage symptoms and control the immune response. Surgery is only considered in specific cases when other treatments have failed or for complications related to the autoimmune disease. Therefore, surgery is not a standard therapy for autoimmune diseases.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A: Immuno-suppressive drugs like cortisone are commonly used in autoimmune disease treatment.
B: Aspirin is an anti-inflammatory drug that can help manage symptoms in some autoimmune diseases.
C: Anti-TNF therapy targets specific molecules involved in the immune response in autoimmune diseases.
D: Anti-CD20 therapy targets B cells to modulate the immune response in autoimmune diseases.
Which of the following statements is incorrect about celiac disease?
- A. There is a strong genetic association: more than 90% of celiac patients express the HLA allele DO2 or DO8
- B. It is technically an allergy but has some features of autoimmunity
- C. The disease is mainly caused by an abnormal innate response to gluten while adaptive cells are not involved
- D. The disease is entirely driven by gluten exposure. The gut lesions observed in these patients disappeared upon removal of gluten from the diet
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because celiac disease primarily involves an abnormal adaptive immune response to gluten, not an innate response. Here's the rationale: 1) Celiac disease is characterized by a T-cell mediated response to gluten peptides in genetically susceptible individuals. 2) The adaptive immune system, particularly T cells, plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis by recognizing gluten peptides presented by HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 molecules. 3) This adaptive immune response leads to inflammation and damage to the intestinal mucosa. 4) In contrast, the innate immune system may also be activated, but it is not the primary driver of the disease.
Summary:
A: Correct - There is a strong genetic association with HLA alleles.
B: Incorrect - Celiac disease is primarily driven by an adaptive immune response, not just features of autoimmunity.
D: Incorrect - While gluten exposure triggers the immune response, the disease is not solely driven by gluten intake.
Which dietary change is most beneficial in reducing the risk of colorectal cancer?
- A. Increased fiber intake
- B. High-fat diet
- C. Reduced carbohydrate consumption
- D. Increased protein intake
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Increased fiber intake promotes healthy digestion and reduces the risk of colorectal cancer.
Many clients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) report severe,ongoing fatigue without any explanation that has lasted for at least — months.
- A. 12
- B. 6
- C. 3
- D. 2
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic fatigue syndrome is characterized by severe unexplained fatigue lasting for at least six months.
What happens when immune complexes are not cleared in Type III hypersensitivity?
- A. They activate T cells
- B. They deposit in tissues, causing inflammation
- C. They are phagocytosed by macrophages without effects
- D. They suppress antibody production
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because when immune complexes are not cleared in Type III hypersensitivity, they deposit in tissues, activating complement cascades and causing inflammation. This leads to tissue damage and the recruitment of inflammatory cells.
A: Immune complexes do not directly activate T cells in Type III hypersensitivity.
C: Phagocytosis of immune complexes can lead to cell activation and inflammation.
D: Immune complexes do not suppress antibody production in Type III hypersensitivity.