Nokea
The adaptive immune response:
- A. Is dependent on the innate immune response for initiation
- B. Involves both humoral and cell-mediated responses
- C. Provides cytokines that influence the response of innate cells, i.e. macrophages
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the adaptive immune response relies on the initiation by the innate immune response (A), involves both humoral (antibody production) and cell-mediated (T cell activation) responses (B), and produces cytokines that can modulate the activity of innate immune cells like macrophages (C). Therefore, all of the statements are true regarding the adaptive immune response, making option D the correct choice.
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What type of receptor is found on B cells for antigen recognition?
- A. T cell receptor (TCR)
- B. B cell receptor (BCR)
- C. Fc receptor
- D. Complement receptor
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because B cells express B cell receptors (BCR) on their surface for recognizing antigens. BCRs consist of immunoglobulin molecules that bind specifically to antigens. T cell receptors (A) are found on T cells, not B cells. Fc receptors (C) bind to the Fc region of antibodies, while complement receptors (D) recognize complement proteins, not antigens. Therefore, the BCR is the specific receptor on B cells for antigen recognition.
During the healing phase of inflammation, which cells would be mostly likely to regenerate?
- A. Skin
- B. Neurons
- C. Cardiac muscle
- D. Skeletal muscle
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Skin cells are highly regenerative due to their rapid turnover rate and presence of stem cells. In contrast, neurons, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle have limited regenerative capacity.
When assessing a client with autoimmune disorder,what signs should the nurse look for in the client?
- A. Hypotension
- B. Localized inflammation
- C. Hives or rashes
- D. Cramping and vomiting
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Localized inflammation is a common sign of autoimmune disorders,as the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues.
Which disease is an example of Type V hypersensitivity?
- A. Multiple sclerosis
- B. Grave's disease
- C. Rheumatoid arthritis
- D. Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Grave's disease, for Type V hypersensitivity. In Type V hypersensitivity, antibodies target cell surface receptors, leading to abnormal stimulation or blockage. In Grave's disease, antibodies target the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor, leading to excessive thyroid hormone production. Multiple sclerosis (A) is an example of Type IV hypersensitivity involving T cell-mediated response. Rheumatoid arthritis (C) is an example of Type III hypersensitivity involving immune complex deposition. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (D) is an example of Type II hypersensitivity involving antibody-mediated destruction of cells.
When a B cell undergoes class switching it allows the cell to:
- A. Differentiate into a memory cell
- B. Make two or more antibody classes at the same time
- C. Stop making one class of antibody and begin to make another
- D. Receive costimulatory signals from any T helper cell subset
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Class switching in B cells involves changing the class of antibody produced.
2. This allows the B cell to stop making one class of antibody and start making another.
3. This process enhances the immune response by generating antibodies with different functions.
4. Differentiating into a memory cell (choice A) is a separate process from class switching.
5. Making two or more antibody classes simultaneously (choice B) is not a characteristic of class switching.
6. Costimulatory signals from T helper cells (choice D) are important for B cell activation but not directly related to class switching.