Nokea
The most abundant class of antibodies produced during a primary immune response is
- A. IgM
- B. IgE
- C. IgA
- D. IgG
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: IgM. During a primary immune response, IgM antibodies are the first class produced by plasma cells. IgM is the largest antibody and is effective at agglutinating pathogens. It is later followed by IgG production. IgE is involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections, not typically produced in large amounts during a primary response. IgA is more abundant in mucosal tissues and secretions.
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Which of the following is NOT true? The meeting of naïve T cells and dendritic cells:
- A. Is facilitated by the presence of naïve B cells
- B. Occurs in the paracortex of lymph nodes
- C. Is facilitated by movement of the T cell along connective tissue networks
- D. May supply the T cell with activation Signal 1
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the meeting of naïve T cells and dendritic cells is not facilitated by the presence of naïve B cells. Naïve T cells interact with dendritic cells in the paracortex of lymph nodes, not with naïve B cells. The movement of T cells along connective tissue networks aids in their interaction with dendritic cells, and this interaction may supply the T cell with activation Signal 1, which is essential for T cell activation. Overall, the incorrect choices (B, C, and D) are actually true statements regarding the meeting of naïve T cells and dendritic cells, making them incorrect options.
Match the following:
- A. 1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a
- B. 1-b, 2-d, 3-c, 4-a
- C. 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c
- D. 1-d, 2-c, 3-a, 4-b
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c.
1. The first match should be b, as it aligns with the order given.
2. The second match should be d, as it aligns with the order given.
3. The third match should be a, as it aligns with the order given.
4. The fourth match should be c, as it aligns with the order given.
Therefore, option C is the correct match based on the given order. Other choices are incorrect because they do not align with the given order of matches.
The annotation B refers to which DNA component?
- A. Recombinant DNA
- B. Plasmid DNA
- C. Vector DNA
- D. Insert DNA
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Vector DNA. In genetic engineering, a vector is a DNA molecule used to carry foreign genetic material into another cell. Plasmid DNA (choice B) is a type of vector, but not all vectors are plasmids. Recombinant DNA (choice A) refers to DNA that has been artificially created by combining DNA from different sources. Insert DNA (choice D) is the foreign genetic material that is inserted into a vector. Therefore, the most specific and accurate choice is C, Vector DNA, as it encompasses all types of vectors used in genetic engineering.
The human retina contains rods and cone which are able to
- A. convert the photo power to the chemical power
- B. absorption of ultraviolet
- C. convert photo power to electrical form and send action potentials to the brain
- D. absorption of infrared
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because rods and cones in the human retina convert light energy into electrical signals through phototransduction, which are then sent as action potentials to the brain via the optic nerve. This process allows for visual information to be transmitted and processed by the brain. Choice A is incorrect as it refers to the conversion of light energy to chemical energy, which is not the primary function of rods and cones. Choice B is incorrect as rods and cones do not specifically absorb ultraviolet light. Choice D is incorrect as rods and cones do not absorb infrared light.
An older adult has fallen and sprained his ankle in a local park. Which action should the responder perform first?
- A. Elevate the foot.
- B. Apply ice.
- C. Administer aspirin.
- D. Assist the patient with ambulation.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct action is to elevate the foot first. Elevating the foot helps reduce swelling and pain by promoting better circulation. This step is crucial in the initial management of a sprained ankle. Applying ice and administering aspirin can come after elevating the foot. Assisting with ambulation should only be considered after the initial measures are taken to address the sprained ankle.